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P APILIO :
THE ORGAN OF THE
NEW YORK ENTOMOLOGICAL CLUB.
Devoted Exclusively to hefiidojitera.
Volume IL
EDITED BY
HENRY EDWARDS
NEW YORK 1882.
PAPILIO.
Prgan of tl^e few Jork pntomological piub.
Vol. 2.] January, 1882. [No. 1.
ON THE HABITS AND ECONOMY OF SOME SPECIES OF bPHINGIDyE.
By Dr. Herman Behr, San Francisco.
The Sphinges are of those types that have attracted consider able attention even in the dawn of our science.
It is quite astonishing what a number of exotic Sphinges are figured in Cramer, StoU and other ancient iconographs, and the very names given by the immortal Linne to the European species bear testimony how well their habits were known at the beginning of entomological study, because they refer either to the food plant of the larva, or to some peculiarity in its shape {Porcellus) and that is one of the strongest proofs of their having attracted the attention even of the non-scientists to a supersti- tion the name of the fatal Goddes'^, Atropos, referring to the popular belief, that the appearance of this insect foreboded epidemics, famine or war. The name Elpenor is an allusion to the companion of Ulysses of that name, who met with a fatal accident when under the influence of wine. Linne evidently has chosen this name to indicate that the grapevine is the tavorite food plant of the species. Nevertheless these powerful and active insects, whose peculiarities strike even the imagination of the common observer, do not play that part in the economy of nature that could be expected from their enormous locomotive powers, their spasmodic activity, and their formidable looking larvae.
.In fact, with very few exceptions their influence on other provinces of creation is limited, they rarely become injurious to vegetation and even then they are never an endemic pest, but only sweep a district like an epidemic not to reappear for more than a decennium.
The State of California as far as its fauna is known, is poor in Sphinges. Most of our species are too rare to play a part anywhere but in collections and cabinets of scientists.
DeilepJiila Lineata var. Daiiciis, is common throughout the State. It is also found in the Atlantic States and in the slightly aberrant form described by Linne, in Mediterranean Europe. It seems to be nowhere so common as on the Pacific slope. The larva prefers plants of the natural order Onagracecs, viz : Epilobiuni, Boisduvalia, ClarkicB, Eiicharidmm, Godetia, yEnothcra, and since the introduction of the Fuchsia species into our gardens it has taken very kindly to the different varieties of these exotics.
The larva but rarely suffers here from Ichnewnon, OpJiion or other parasites. It has a strong vitality and the power to adapt itself to plants of different orders for instance Rmncx and Portiilaca. Occasionally, but rarely it is met with on the grape- vine.
This species is known to have multiplied under favorable circumstances to an alarming extent. In a report published in the year 1S77 I find a notice of such an instance, of which r give the particulars.
In that year the neighborhood of Manhattan, in Kansas, was devastated by swarms of Locusts {Caloptcnus) to a degree that all grass had entirely disappeared. Before the seeds of the destroyed grasses had a chance to germinate, their place was occupied by a herbaceous vegetation, chiefly consisting of Portiilaca oleracea. Scarcely was this new vegetation started when numerous larvae of D. Lineata made their appearance spreading even to some of the neighboring vineyards. This last circumstance roused the apprehensions of the people, when the cause of their fears disappeared as suddenly as it had made its appearance.
I read that Philainpehis AcJicenion, PJiilavipelus Satellitia, and CJicerocampa Myron are injurious to the grapevines of the Atlantic States. I do not know to what degree they are injurious, i. c. if they are dangerous, or merely troublesome and annoying.
PJi. AclicBmon is the only one of these species as yet found in California. Like most insects, feeding on plants cultivated ex- clusively on large tracts of land, this species will multiply in favorable seasons to an alarming extent. Nevertheless, I do not know of any instance of material damage done by this species. The larva looks more formidable than it is in reality. It is of quick growth and soon transforms. The powerful flight of the imago carries the female to localities very distant from her birth place. Besides this, PJi. Achcznion partakes largely of the well known peculiarity of many Sphingides ; namely, the undeveloped sexual character of the individuals that transform the same year and do not hybernate in the chrysalis state, so that the propaga- tion depends mainly or the hybernating individuals.
From these circumstances it becomes evident that this species, although it may interfere to a certain extent with the production of a vineyard, is not capable of inflicting serious injury to the vines themselves, as is the case with endemic insect pests, or such epidemics as repeat more frequently.
I have no data as to what extent the injuries inflicted on vine- yards by this species have been carried in the Atlantic States, nor am I in possession of exact statements in relation to PJi. Sat- ellitia and /?. Myron.
Macrosila Carolina and M. qiiviqiie-viacnlata occasionally injure tomato, potato or tobacco plantations. In California their destructions do not amount to much : in the Atlantic ^tates, nevertheless, the damage done may be more serious. The insect seems to prefer tobacco to all other Solanacea; and, therefore, in districts where a onesided agriculture excludes, to a considerable degree, cereals and fodder plants, the Macrosila species may de- velop up to insect pests. These pests probably will be of an epidemic, not an endemic character, as all Sphinges are rather un- steady in their quarters and of a nomadic turn. They generally crowd in one season and cannot be found in the next. Like Ph. Achcenion and its own near European relative, M. convolviili, these species propagate only by the indviduals developed next summer, the numerous individuals developed the same season having their sexual organs imperfect and unfit for propagation.
I have read that Ccratomia qnadrieornis infests the elm trees of the Atlantic States sufficiently to disfigure avenues, but I did not find any statement that these shade trees suffered perma- nentl}\ As far as I know the European SpJi. Pinastri is the only insect of this tribe that, in certain seasons, inflicts permanent in- jury to vegetation, but the scourge of this species appears in the same district only after a lapse of years, never in two consecutive years, but when it occurs, the destruction sometimes is as if a forest fire had swept the region.
A forest infested by the larva of Sph. Pinastri exhibits even to the unexperienced eye striking peculiarities. Upon enter- ing the invaded district a peculiar acrid, but not exactly disa- greeable, smell is perceived ; the ear is struck by a grating mono- tonous sound, caused by the feeding of innumerable larvje ; on the ground crawl gaily colored larvae on a layer formed of fallen leaves, tops of branchlets and the cubic excrements of the caterpillar, some trying to hide under ground for transformation, others to regain a tree and climb up the trunk, from whose top some accident had thrown them. Large sized Ichnciuiwns, and Ophiones, minute but shining CJialcides bury themselves around the larvae, while lazy Tachime wait for an opportunity to drop a few eggs on those which are nervously seeking to hide for trans- formation. The larva and parasite are persecuted alike by Carabns aiiratns and Calosoma SycopJianta, whose metallic bodies
shine round the roots of the pines like golden coats of arms.
This entomological landscape is enlivened by villagers of all ages and sexes, under the command of some government forester, shaking trees, collecting caterpillars by broom and shovel into baskets and throwing them into fires kindled at different spots in the forest.
Modern forest culture has abandoned this system of warfare. Experience has shown that the Pinastri epidemic does not recur in the same district, even if nothing has been done. Science has demonstrated, that the enormous accumulation of parasitic Hymcnoptera and Diptera would more than decimate the de- structive insect without human aid. Besides this, insects, with enormous power of locomotion like Sph. Pinastri, never be- come endemic pests.
But the chief cause of a change in the forest tactics was the danger of fire, caused by the burning of the baskets amidst dry leaves, withered branches and dying pine trees.
Splmix Pinastri is, as far as I know, the only Sphinx that oc- casionally causes serious damages, the harm done by the Macro- silas to cultivated Solanacece being scarcely worth mentioning.
If the Sphinges have but little power to harm vegetation, they nevertheless play an important part in their economy, for they are he carriers of pollen from flower to flower. Many of those flowers whose narrow tubular corolla contains anthers in a posi- tion that the pollen never could reach their own stigma nor that of a sister flower, are only fertilized by the interference of the Sphinges. The enormous length of the trunk of some of the Macrosilas is quite in proportion to the narrow, deep tube of the Tobacco flower and other Solanacea; and Apocynace(E, families not only patronized by the larvae, but also by the perfect Sphinx. And so it happens, that the precocious autumnal brood, whose imperfect sexual development prevents them from propagating their own species, contribute largely to the propagation of the plant that serves for food to the larvae of their later born breth- ren and sisters. Looking for the nectar at the base of the cup they charge their trunks with the pollen and carrying in this way kisses from flower to flower, they are the means of fecundating theovula, v. hose growth will serve as food for the offspring of their hybernating relatives.
There is a curious instance to be mentioned in regard to the mutual relation of some Sphinges and an Asclepiadaceons plant, the Physianthus. The pollen of all the AsclepiadacecB being of a waxy, instead of a mealy substance, is not apt to be carried by the wind like the pollen of other plants nor is the position of the poUinea always such, that without interference of a third party, their contents can possibly reach the stigma. Physian- thns, especially, is a genus, whose anthers are constructed on a plan that would impede communication between pollinia and
stigma, and therewith fecundation and propagation of the species, if it were not for the agency of insects, and especially Sphinges, which, attracted bv the copious nectar in the deep grooves that surround the tubus stamineus, insert their trunks into these cav- ities, where the narrow entrance is guarded by the anthers. There is a rim between the lower parts of the loculi of the anther, large enough to admit the trunk of a Sphinx, but gradually clos- ing towards the upper portion of the loculi. This rim will catch the insect by its trunk and will keep it prisoner till the loculi have discharged their pollinia and fecundation has taken place. It is easily understood, that where the point of maturity, when the pollinia are discharged, is distant, the poor Sphinx has to choose between remaining prisoner for life or losing its trunk.
We may plant the PhysiantJius near tobacco plantations. Not that I think it of much practical use in protecting the plan- tation ; it is merely to get even with a good number of Macrosil(E that have injured other tobacco plantations when in the larva state.
As to the object that nature had in view in this arrange- ment, I am at a loss to offer any explanation, if it is not the opin- ion, that nature sometimes is fond of very practical jokes.
Small and transitory as the influence of the Sphinges may be on the household of organic life, their scenic effect is consider- able. And it is not only their size, elegance of form and har- mony of colors ; it is also their extraordinary powers of locomo- tion. A single specimen may enliven a flower garden in such a way that it creates the impression that the whole region was swarming with the species. Suddenly the insect will dart away like a humming bird, leaving the garden quiet and lonely, but repeating the same nervous activity on flowers in a different lat- itude.
It is a well known fact that the larvae of Ph. Nerii are found nearly every year in different countries of northern Europe, where its food plant, Nerinni Oleander, is cultivated in glass houses. Now those larvse are brought there by females that are fecundated in a country where Oleander grows in the open air. The most northern place,' where the larvae of Nerii has been found is St. Petersburg. It is more than possible that the female PJi. Nerii, that found her way into a Russian glass house, break- fasted on nectar of Oleander flowers on the borders of the Mediterranean.
And this is not an isolated occurrence. The very fact that the professional gardeners are wide awake to the financial advan- tages of having larvae of this kind on their Oleanders, and that they do not kill them, but sell them, is the best proof of the fre- quently repeating occurrence. Some gardeners, induced by the prices paid by amateurs and collectors, have tried to cultivate Ph. Nerii, but all their efforts have been frustrated by the disinclina-
tion or disability of the specimens raised in northern climes to propagate. This is another proof of the frequency of such inva- sions, as each colony of larvae is the product of an imigrated female, not of a female born in the northern region.
Modern investigations have also demonstrated tha.t Ac/ieron- tia Atropos and DcilepJiila Celerio do not propagate in Europe, and, consequently cannot be considered as indigenous species.
A French gentleman in San Francisco has shown me a little collection of insects, caught on board a vessel after a heavy gale, fifty-four geographic miles from the coast of Brazil. All these insects were Sphinges. They were ten in number ; five Macrosila Cingidata, three PJiilainpehis JiissieucE and two speci- mens of a CJicErocmnpa.
I could quote here a great many other instances that prove the wonderful powers of flight of these insects and their disposi- tion to make use of them, but I consider the different facts men- tioned here sufficient to demonstrate the impossibility to take measures against an invasion of such enemies. At the same time such measures, even if successful, would do very little good, be- cause, in the few cases, where these insects inflict perceptible harm, the harm is but transitory, the enemy taking leave as ab- ruptly as he appeared unexpectedly.
The advice to catch and kill the Sphinges hovering over flowers is as impracticable as to divert the course of a river by palling. But if some people, not minding practical advantages, only wish to get even with the uninvited guests, let them plant PJiysian- thiis, and the torn off trunks sticking out of the flowers will satisfy the most revengeful disposition.
We would expect that the eminent power of flight in this group would produce a considerable number of cosmopolitan species, but there are comparatively but few. Two courses com- bine to restrict the majority to local distribution.
I. Their larvae never are truly polyphagous. Most of them feed exclusively on a genus, many are even restricted to a single species whose geographical limits, of course, must comprise in that case the geographical limits of the Sphinx. The adapta- bility of their larvae to the other kinds of food generally does not pass the limits of the botanical family, frequently, as mentioned above, does not extend even to species of the same genus. So Dcilephila Euphoj-biw lives in quantities on Ei/phurbia Esii/a, rarely on E. Cyparissias and even in captivity it scarcely can be pre- vailed upon to feed on any other species and rather will die than touch most of the species of the Genus Euphorbia.
Its congener D. Lineata possesses of all the Sphinges known to me the greatest powers of adaptation. Onagraceiv, RubiacecB VitacecB, Poi'tulacacecB and Polygonaccce will serve as food for its larva.
In consequence this species is to a considerable extent cos-
mopolitan. It is amphigeic, for it extends from California through America beyond the Atlantic into Mediterranean Europe and Asia, while D. EiipJwrbice is scarcely ever found beyond the limits of the most central part of Europe, but there in great numbers. In fact its habitat coincides with the habitat of Eu- phorbia Esiila.
D. Gain adapts itself to plants of different families. It forms, therefore, part of the fauna of Europe, Asia and North America, and is, besides D. Lineata, the only instance of an am- phigeic Sphinx.
J). Niccea, Dah/ii, Hippophaes, and Vespcrtilio are restricted in their food plants, consequently they are restricted in their habi- tat too.
Notwithstanding the roaming propensities of the indi- viduals and their power to bear changes of temperature, the species themselves are strictly enclosed between certain isother- mal and isochimense, because the larvae do not possess the same power of endurance in regard to clim.atic changes as the imago does. And this is perhaps the cause that all the immi- grations of AcJierontia Atropos before alluded to never succeeded in forming colonies.
Another peculiarity in the geograhical distribution of Sphinges may be derived from the same cause. The species of the Northern and of the Southern temperate zones are almost always distinct. Although these species invade the tropics from both sides, they never seem to be able to cross them so far as to reach the opposite temperate zone. The geographical distri- bution of some Macrosila and CJiacrocainpa is not a real excep- tion, for their original home is the tropics, from whence they extend north and south. Perhaps some exception from this rule may be discovered in South Africa. The specimens of a so-called M. Convolvnli, which I have received from New Zealand, differ very materially from the European and North African insect and, are evidently the type of a new species.
As to the tropical species themselves, none of them are amphigeic. It may be, that in the course of time M. qiiinqucina- cuiata, now beginning to form colonies on the Sandwich Islands, will reach the Australian continent, a feat that has been accom- plished by one of our Diurnals {Danais Archippus).
The extratropical species of the Southern Hemisphere, at least so far as they are known, are distinct, each continent pro- ducing its own species.
NOTES UPON CATOCALA SNOWIANA And Varieties in the Genus.
By A. R. Grote.
I have au;ain carefully examined my type of this species. By the deep ochre yellow secondaries and the breadth of the mesial black band superiorly, I identify it as belonging to the Kansas form, hitherto regarded by me as a variety of our Eastern Covinninis, or of the Southern Neogania of Abbot and Smith. In the type, which is evidently an aberrant specimen, the fore wings are paler and appear somewhat aborted. This Kansas form, which must take the name Snoiviana, differs by the forewings being diffusely shaded with black and wanting the brown subterminal space and greenish gray tint of the Eastern Coviuinnis. The mesial black band on the hind wings is broader above ; the secondaries themselves are of an intense ochre yellow, darker than in the Southern Neogania. We then have three named forms which may be ultimately classed as varieties of Neogania. First the typical form from the South, of which a specimen collected by Belfrage in Texas, is in the collection before me. This has the hind wings and abdomen of a lighter yellow, the band as in the Northern form, the fore wings more gray than black, wanting the brown tints. Secondly the North- ern and Eastern form, found from Canada to the Ohio River, described by Guenee as Neogania, but which, to distinguish it, I have called Communis. Thirdly the form above described from Kansas and which has perhaps a wider range. The question as to the value of these forms must be decided at a future date, when their complete history becomes known. It is, however, neces- sary, in order to discuss them intelligibly, that they bear different designations.
Since I first worked up the North American species of Catocala, a large number of species have been described and a great num- of varieties named. I biiefly enumerate here the varieties named by myself so that there may be no doubt as to what I have intended by the names. I do so because this showy genus has, since 1872, been extensively written upon and there has been some misrepresentation with regard to the forms described by myself.
Var. Simulatilis of Obseura, has the median lines of the fore wings thick and distinct in both sexes, whereas, in the type, as figured, they are thread-like and partially illegible. Var. Sinuosa of Coceinata occurs in Florida ; it differs from the typical form, described by myself, by the band on the hind wings being- reduced to a sinuate, narrow, discal line or mark. Var. SeintiUans is a well known and distinct form of Innubens, in which the fore wings are solidly brown to the subterminal line. Var.
Flavidalis of the same species has the hind wings yellow instead of orange. Var. Bunkeri of Cerogavia has the median field of the primaries more or less suffused with brown, against which the white sub-rcniform stands out in relief ; the hind wings have the yellow band half narrower than in the type and the yellow base to the wing disappears. This variety is very beautiful in extreme examples and is named for Mr. Robt. Bunker of Ro- chester, who has devoted much attention to the species of this genus. Var. PJialanga of Palceogaina is readily recognisable by the subterminal space being filled in with black contrasting with the white s. t. line ; it is figured by me in the Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Philadelphia Vol. 3, Plate 3, fig. I. Var. Basalisoi Hnbilis, differs by the presence of a black- basal streak on the primaries above. Var. Wcstcottii of Anna, differs by its smaller size and the black band of secondaries along the border being continuous and not inter^pted as in the type before anal angle ; the variety is from Illinois. Var. Sordida of Gracilis, differs from the type in having the primaries wholly of a dark hoary blue-gray ; it has been collected by Dr. James S. Bailey in large numbers about Albany, N. Y., and is readily dis- tinguished. Finally, var. Lineella of A mica differs by the darker shades on the forewings being gathered along the lines, giving the insect a distinct appearance, as compared with the type, while the ground color is powdered with greenish gray. This occurs with the typical form; in Texas another variety of Arnica occurs in which the primaries are more or less suffused with black : Mr. Hy. Edwards calls this Var. Nerissa. Excluding Communis and Snowiana,"^ to the value of which I am doubtful, I have named ten varieties.
NEW SPECIES OF HETEROCERA.
By Hekry Edwards. FAM. SPHINGID^.
Proserpinus CiRC.'E. n. sp.
In form and outline of the wing very closely resembling the California species, P. Clarkiw. Bdv. but abundantly distinct in color. The primaries are of a reddish olive tint, the basal space, and that behind the median band being the palest. The band is rich, deep olive brown, almost straight on its anterior edge, sinuous on its posterior, leaving the costal termination twice the width of that of the internal margin, and enclosing a rather darker ovate discal spot, shaded posteriorly with paler color. Secondaries dull chestnut red, with the base and margins darker than the centre of the wing, the basal shade being in the form of a band. There is no trace of a black band, as in P.
lO
GauTiP,. S. and A- Fringes fawn color, and the extreme marginal edge of the wing, dark brown, particularly at the anal angle. Beneath, the wings are wholly dull reddish, (inclining to chestnut) at their base, with pale central band, and margins again slightly darker. Pale shades of apex of primaries repeated. Head and thorax olivaceous. Abdomen reddish with olive tint, darkest towards the posterior extremities. Palpi whitish, as are also the base of the legs. The lower side of the abdomen has the seg- ments narrowly edged with whitish.
Exp. wings. 40 m. m. Length of body 25. m. m.
Georgia. H. K. Morrison.
Types. Coll. B. Neumoegen. H. Strecker.
This is the species figured by Mr. H. Strecker in Lepid. Rliop. et Hetcroc. as P. ganrce. Sm. Abt., but it is certainly not that species, as it has no black band upon the secondaries so observable in P. gaura\ In the original description, Smith says of P.gauro' : "Alis dentatis; primoribus olivaceis dualis albidis puncto disci deltoideo; posticis ferrugineis striga pallida extremis nigris, margine albo." Now both the black band and the white margin are absent in the present species, the general color is much red- der, and the wings less dentated, shorter than in the figure of P. gaura;, and of a different shape. P. gaiiro^ more closely re- sembles P. Jiianita of Strecker, in fact, the latter is P. gating, with the secondaries orange instead of rusty red, as in Sm. Abb. figure.
Cautethia Gkotei. n. sp.
General color of primaries, brown black, with a grayish tint. Basal space blackish, enclosed by a double, indistinct, black line. Discal mark, velvety black. Posterior double line also black, the inner one bent forward very suddenly towards the costa, from the subcostal nervure, the outer one nearh- straight for its costal half, and sharply dentate on the nervures. The submarginal line has a grayish white shade behind it, continuing to the edge of the wing, and there is also a blotch of the same color near the centre of the internal margin. Fringes alternately black and gray. Secondaries rich bright orange for the basal two thirds. Marginal band brown, moderate in width. Underside brownish, flecked with white scales, the base of secondaries dull orange along the abdominal margin. Thorax and abdomen grayish with black scales, the fifth and seventh segments banded with darker shades as in Macroglossa. Antenna; dusky black.
Fxp. wings. 33. m. m. Length of body, 18. m. m.
Indian River. Florida.
Several examples, all constant to the description. This species has been confounded with CaiitetJiia {(Enosanda) noctuiforviis. Walk, and has been distributed by Mr. Neumoegen and myself under that name. It was also so quoted by Mr. Grote in his Sphingidae of Cuba, a specimen of the present
II
species being in the possession of Mr. Grote from that island. Mr. A. G. Butler, however, pointed out this error in Papilio, Vol. I. P. 105, and Mr. Grote, who has now seen Walker's type, thus writes from London under date of Dec. 3rd, 1881 : "I have carefully examined the type of CautctJiia noctiiiformis. Walker. The specimen is unset, and smaller than ours from Florida; the forewings very similar, but the hind wings have the yellow only a patch at the base, and resting on the internal margin. The wider fuscous border extends also on costal region, and the yellow is paler." It cannot be but that we have here to deal with an entirely different species from that described by Walker, though it is somewhat extraordinary that so conspicious an insect as the present should so long have escaped the observation of our Florida collectors. The genus CantctJiia has been placed by both Butler and Grote near Anccryx and Dilophonota. This ap- pears to me to be an error, its coloration, shape of wing, ex- tremely long longue, and tufted abdomen, bearing a closer re- semblance to the Macroglossincc. We know nothing, however, at present, of the early stages of this interesting group.
Sphinx (Protoparce) Cingulata. n. var. decolora.
A remarkable form, of which three examples are before me. In all of these, the rose-colored shade on the base of secondaries, and the sides of the abdomen, is entirely wanting. This is by no means owing to fading, or to the poor condition of the specimens, as two of them are absolutely fresh and perfect. In all other respects, the markings are identical with those of S. Cingulata. I can, therefore, only regard these examples as variations from the usual type. The species is of very wide distribution, having been found northward as far as Canada and southward as far as Brazil. It reaches also to the extreme west of the continent, and is very abundant in the Hawaian Islands. Have other ob- servers noticed the extreme form now described?
Indian River. Florida.
Type. Coll. Hy. Edwards. B. Neumoegen.
Dilophonota festa. n. sp.
Size of D. obscura. Head, smoky black on crown, mingled with grayish, with two white lines visible between the antennae. Thorax blackish, mingled with gray — a double median line, and the tegulae and space at base of the wings gray. Abdomen dull iron gray, with very faint blackish dorsal double line, enclosing a paler space. Sides and underside of both abdomen and thorax white, thickly interspersed with brown scales. Antennas with the shaft white, the pectinations fawn color, and the tip pitchy-brown. Palpi, and the whole of the legs white, v/ith brown scales. Primaries black, with a few grayscales intermixed, except on the apex and along the internal margin, where the gray predominates. The wings are deeply notched at the ter- mination of the nervules, which are white and jet black, on a gray
12
ground. Secondaries dull red, with whitish streak at base. The costal margin is also whitish. Apex shaded with dull black, contin- ued around the margin to near the anal angle, where the usual mark of the genus occurs. In this species, it is a waved broad line of black and gray alternately, the gray line being double, the upper strongly toothed. The nervures are black as they approach the margin. Fringes gray, except on the abdominal margin, where they are clear Avhite. Underside of wings, dull brick red at their base, brownish towards the extremities, the margin speckled with black and white, and the whole surface mottled with brown scales.
Exp. wings. 66 m. m. Length of body. 38 m. m.
N. W. Texas. J. Boll. Type. Coll. B. Neumoegen.
Allied to D. melancJioHca, but the wings and abdomen are blacker, the marginal band of secondaries less distinct, and the anal spot more gray in color.
FAM. BOMBYCID^.
LiMACODES RUDE. n. sp.
Fawn color, with black irrorations. A submarginal stripe of darker color, (pale brow.n) parallel with the posterior margin, and an oblique stripe of same color reaching from the middle of the costa to near the base of internal margin, the space enclosed by these lines being rather darker than the rest of the wing. Sec- ondaries and underside, without markings, except the black irrorations. Thorax and abdomen rather darker than the wings.
Exp. wings. 28 m. m. Length of body. 1 1 m. m.
I 5 "Maryland."
Type. Coll. H. Schonborn, Washington.
LiMACODES TRIGONA. n. sp.
Wholly pale fawn color, except at the base of the primaries, where is a clear white, rather large, almost rectangular spot, the edges of which are shaded with pale chestnut brown. The apex of the angle is directed towards the costal edge of the wing. There is also a trace of a darker shade on the apical portion of the posterior margin. Underside entirely pale fawn drab.
Exp. winds. 30 m. m. Length of body 14. m. m.
I <5 Prescott, Arizona. L Doll.
Type. Coll, B, Neumoegen.
Artaxa INGENITA. n. sp.
Primaries deep yellow, inclining to orange, but not very bright in tint. Secondaries two shades deeper in color. Thorax^ abdomen and legs concolorous. Under side of rather a paler shade. There are absolutely no special markings upon any part of either surface.
Exp. of wings. 35 m. m. Length of body. 8 m. m.
I ^ . Prescott, Arizona. L Doll.
Type. Coll. B, Neumoegen.
13
Though probably forming the type of a new genus, I am safe in referring this very singular insect closely to Walker's genus Artaxa, hitherto only known from India and Australia. Should further investigation, and a knowledge of the earlier stages prove my present course to be wrong, I think it wisest, anyway, to place a new insect provisionally in a very closely allied genus, rather than create a new one, which extended inquiry may prove to be one already established. I append Walker's diagnosis of y^^'/^.^i^^t, merely remarking that in the present species the only differences I can see are that the antennae are shorter than in Walker's genus, and the spurs of the hind tibiae are short, rather than long. In color, general structure and neuration, the species now de- scribed reminds one forcibly of the Australian Artaxa chry- sopJiila.
" Genus 7. Artaxa.
" Male and female. Body rather slender. Proboscis very " short. Palpi hairy, short ; second joint very much longer than "the first, third joint conical, very minute. Legs slender; hind " tibia with four long spurs. Wings broad. Forewings with the " first, second and third inferior veins near together, fourth about " four times further from the third than the third is from the "second. Hind wings extending beyond the abdomen. Male. "Antennae deeply pectinated. Female. Antennae minutely pec- tinated." F. Walker.
Cat. Lepidopt. Heteroc. B. Mus.. Pt. 4, Page 795.
EUCHETES INOPINATUS. n. sp.
Primaries very pale fawn color, palest along the internal and posterior margins. Costa with buff dash at the base, above and below. Secondaries paler than the forewings, being almost a sor- did white. The whole wings beneath are dull sordid white, with- out marks, except the buff dash at base of primaries. Head, base of fore tibiae, fore coxae, and upper side of abdomen buff, the latter with a row of small black dorsal spots. Tibiae and tarsi, and under side of abdomen very pale fawn color.
Exp. wings. 27 m. m. Length of body. 11 m. m.
I (^. Indian River, Florida.
Type. Coll. Hy. Edwards.
FAM. LITHOSIDvE.
Hypoprepia inculta. n. sp.
Primaries dull mouse color, with pale dash along the median nervule and a black streak above it, only visible with a lens. Head, thorax and fringe concolorous. Secondaries very pale sil- very drab, with pink tinge, chiefly at the abdominal margin. Fringes mouse color. Abdomen drab, with the tip dull orange. Under side same as the upper, but slightly paler. The legs and antennae are dull mouse color.
Exp. wings. 26 m. m. Length of body. 9 m. m.
14
I 6 . Tucson, Arizona. I. Doll. Type. Coll. B. Neumoegen.
FAM. NOCTUID^.
Lygranthoecia PARMELIANA. n. sp.
Primaries ochreous drab, with a slight greenish tint. Basal space clouded with olive brown. T. a, line narrowly edged with white, and deeply toothed outwardly on the median nervure. T. p. line also white, with a slight sinuation in the middle, where it is lost in a brownish cloud. The central space is the palest por- tion of the wing. It is crossed from costa to internal margin by a narrow olive brown cloud, obscuring the large reniform spot. Sub-reniform obsolete. Behind the t. p. line is a dark olive brown shade, the margins paler, with black dots at the end of the ner- vules. Secondaries dusky, with a paler discal shade, and the costa also pale. Fringes of both wings alternately stone color and brown. Beneath, the margins are broadly dusky, with dusky discal spots. Centre of both wings paler. Thorax and abdomen ochreous drab.
Exp. wings. 24 m. m. Length of body. 12 m. m.
I 6. "Maryland."
Type. Coll. H. Schonborn. Washington.
CiRRHOBOLlNA Mexicana. Be/ir. n. var. zmlpina.
Similar in all respects to C. incandcscens, Grotc ( — Syneda Mex- icana, Behr.) except that the posterior half of the primaries is dull foxy-red, bearing at first sight the appearance of a new species. The marks of primaries and secondaries agree so closely with the form mentioned that I cannot regard the present as other than a variation.
3 ? . Prescott, Arizona. I. Doll.
Types, Coll. B. Neumoegen.
Melipotis perl.eta. n. sp.
Allied to M. pal/escens, G and R., but with the colors of the primaries in much stronger contrast. Basal space fawn color, dark brown as it touches the t. a. line and covered with brownish scales. Costa pinkish for its basal, and deep buff for its posterior half. T. a, line oblique, not dentated. T. p. line with slight sin- uation in the centre, on which rests a brownish patch. The space between is bright buff, except on the costa, where there is a brownish triangular mark. Reniform and sub-reniform very faintly indicated. The pale discal shade, common to all the genus, is almost ovate in shape, with dark markings around it. There are some faint gray shadings towards the internal margin. The sub-marginal line is fawn color, slightly shaded anteriorly with brown. Fringe fawn color. Secondaries sordid white, with broad blackish marginal band, obsolete at anal angle, and with two white blotches in the extreme margin. Fringe white. Under side wholly clear white, with the costa of primaries pink, a broad
J5
marginal band and triangular discal spot dull black. Secondaries as on upper side. Thorax above, fawn color, with pinkish scales. Abdomen sordid white, with fawn-colored tint. Beneath, the thorax, abdomen and legs are clear white.
Exp. wings. 36 m. m. Length of body. 19 m. m.
Several examples.
Prescott, Arizona. I. Doll.
Type. Coll. B. Neumoegen.
Catocala Desdemona. n. sp.
Primaries rich wood-brown tint, with paler shades over the discal portion. The lines are all strong and well defined. Basal half line rich velvet black, slightly notched in the centre. Anter- ior line oblique, slightly dentate. It approaches the internal mar- gin very close to the termination of the posterior line, which is very oblique from costa to second sub-costal nervure, where it forms a very long and sharp tooth. It then bends abruptly tow- ards the lower end of the sub-reniform, where it is sinuato- dentate. The course is thence very abrupt to the internal mar- gin. The reniform is brown, surrounded by a darker shade. Sub- reniform large, transversely ovate, paler, almost fawn-color, with brown and black scales. Across the posterior line is a fawn- colored shaded space, blending softly into the brown of the wing. The sub-marginal line is rather faint, and bears three black dashes from sub-costal to median nervule. Marginal lunules fawn color, with an orange tint. Fringes alternately fawn and brown. Sec- ondaries rich orange, a little dusky along the abdominal margin. Median band widest in centre, nearly equal on its interior edge, and turning in a rather sharp hook to the abdominal margin. Sub-marginal band with four equal teeth about its middle on the exterior edge, It is nearly of equal width throughout, but be- comes constricted near the anal angle, leaving an ovate patch joined to the main band by a narrow line. The inner edge of the band is without dentations. Fringe orange. Under side wholly rich bright orange, the primaries with median and sub-marginal band of black, the secondaries with the markings of the upper side repeated. All the fringes pale orange. Thorax concolorous with primaries, but with rather darker transverse band in front. Ab- domen dusky orange.
Exp. wings. 62 m. m. Length of body. 25 m. m.
Four examples.
Prescott, Arizona. I. Doll.
Type. Coll. B. Neumoegen.
Probably nearer to C. consors than to any other species, but differing very widely in the markings of primaries, the median band 01' secondaries a;id the general color.
i6
BOOK NOTICES.
Butterflies; their Structure, Chaxges, and Life Histories, with special reference to AiiicMcaa forms ; be njj; an application of the Doc- trine of Descent to the study of Butterflies. VViih an Appendix of Practical Instructions, by SAMUEL H. SCUUDER. New Yoric, Henry Holt & Co., 1881.
This book will be read by every Lepidopterist with mingled interest and disappointment; many highly important lacts are given, and ingenious and proba- ble deductions made trom them; on the other hand, exploded fallacies are gravely used as proved facts, and from them necessarily erroneous general laws deduced. It is sufficient to mention the alleged fact that individuals of Danafs .Irchippus develope and lay their eggs one after ano:her for a year and a half, and to reter to the alleged parallel generations of Argy7inis Myrina Mr. W. H. Edwards, years ago had shown the errors of observation and deducnon involved in both of these cases, but here they appear in their original guise without note or com- ment.
Very few authors later than 1850 are que ted; the note on p. 204 fixes the date of the book as before 1877, when indeed the whole of it was delivered as a seiiesof Lowell Lectures at Cambridge several years before 1877; however, dif- ferent portions of this book had appeared in various magazines, as the story of Myrina in 1872, of Archippus in 1876 and other sections in 1877. This would be no disadvantage if the work had been properly revised with reference to the advances made in the last decade, but unfortunately this has not been done. The works of Weismann — since 1874 the best autnor on color pattern and seasonal dimorphism — are ignored, although twenty pages are devoted to the first of these subjects and nearly as m^ny to the other. So are those of Paul Mayer — the only authority at present on the ancestry of insects — and Hatscheck's Embryology of Lepidoptera published several years ago, whch singularly contradicts the statement on p. 10, that "very little is known * =^ of the formation of the emoryonic caterpillar." ,
The drawings in the " Butterflies " are generallv good, but seme "are very bad ; for example the eggs of Hypop/ila'as, p. 7, Philodice and Thoe, p. 8. The latter looks something like a Parnassiiis *:^'g, but in neither shape nor marking bears any resemblance to that of C. Thoe, which is very much flat- tened and studded with large starry projections. The drawings from Harris are inserted without any correction, or even men'ion of the very roticeabl- error which IS pointed out in Harris' preface— the artist having provided four footed butterflies with a superfluous front pair of iegs in thirteen instances. In spite of such matters of detail the work is valuable for any beginner bold en. ugh to try to untangle such a Chinese puzzle as the author's nomenclature, which s ct- tirely original and adopted by h ms^lf only, either here or abroa.i. As a reu-wer in Nature points out, the recognized standard works of systematic non mc a- ture should be followed in a book intended for beginners and sucn innovanons relegated to technical papers. The genera are those of Mr. Scudder's "Svs'.e- matic Revision and were shown to be valueless by Messrs. Peabody and Mead in the Canadian Etomologisf ; if anyone cares for more informa'ion as to this matter, the last number cf that journal (December 1881 ) may be referred to.
Particular attention is call to the introduction of English names as an improvement in the system of Linnaeus. Open where you please and you meet such names as the Banded Purple, the Viceroy, the Monarch, the iJIue-eyed Grayling, The Tiger Swallow-tail, etc., and usually without reference in the text by which the student may know what insect is meant, though this information may be obtained by reference to a glossary in the appendix.
Let us analyze one of the expressions, for example the Red Spotted Purple. Basilarchia Astyanax, meaning Limenitis Ursula. In the first place it is not red-spotted, in the next place it is not purple, in the next place there is no such genus as Basilarchia, and in the last place Astyanax is a resurrected name un-
17
known for a hundred years until recently disinterred by Mr. Scudder. The author speaks of "a continuous stream of Blue-eyed Graylings, p. i, referring to Satyrus Alope called by Mr. Scudder Cercyonis Alope, and classed under the Meadow Browns in the appendix. In the text he calls it a Grayling, but as the color is not gray, why not a Brownling ? and moreover a Grayling is a tish, {vide Izaak Walton), and the name must be regarded as preoccupied in ichthy- ology. We find Xanthzdia Nicippe, the Black-bordered Yellow.j/ The butter- fly is orange not yellow, and the name might apply to Colias Phuodice but not Nicippe; it is a misfit. Philodice, however, appears as the Clouded Sulphur, though it is not clouded, and on one page (189), this is called the Sulphur Yellow, creat- ing perplexity. Indeed these instances and the reference on p. 287 to the FireWeed as having a blue flower, suggests that the author may have perceptions of color different from those which are usually considered the normal standard. Besides this misapprehension there is a constant effort to deduce general principles from too few facts, or even supposed facts ; for example, the philosophical discussion upon the alleged fact that caterpillars in hatching, always devour their egg- shells ; in point of fact they frequently leave the shells almost intact. So with the incorrect statement that albino females of C. Philodice never appear in the first brood of the season, illustrating the law given by the author that "since melanism is a southern and albinism a iSTorthern peculiarity, we should afitici- pate melanism in the hot and albinism in the cool season." Another instance^ is shown in the assumption that the polymorphic forms of Lycaena Pseudar- gtolus must be related as are the polymorphic forms of Papilio Ajax, and the philosophical discussions following this assumption. ^
The Appendix of practical instructions is admirable, and will be read with interest and profit by both the tyro and the specialist.
If the demerits of the book have been more touched upon than they merit it is because we all know that we may expect good results from Mr. Scudder, and the shortcomings of his work need to be pointed out all the more on that very account.
i8
GENERAL NOTES, RARE CAPTURES, ETC. Under this head we shall publish, from time to time, such notes with refer- ence to Lepidoptera as we deem may be useful to our readers, and we ask for contributions to what we think may ultimately prove a valuable column of "Papilio."
Early appearance of Hyphantria Cunea. — A. very fine example of this species was taken February lo, 1881, at White Plains, N. Y. — ROBERT Grey.
Erebus odora. — An example of this fine moth ? , was captured at Park- ville, L. I., on June i6th, 1880. — John Akhurst.
Insect enemies. — Prof. I. 11. Comstock, of Ithaca, N. Y., is preparing a report on the " Insect Enemies of Orchards and Gardens," and will be grateful to any Lepidopterists, or others, for information of destruction which may have come under their notice. The life-history of all species will be given as far as possible.
Thecla ljeta. — A fine example of this species, one of the rarest of our North- American Lycasnidae, was taken by me in July last, at Coalburgh, West Virginia. I believe that only about five other examples are known to collec- tions.— ^Theo. L. Mead.
Arctia nais. — This species and its variations, including A. decorai.i, has been extremely abundant during the past summer at Newburgh, N. Y., the insects coming treely to ligtit. A few examples of the much xzx^x A.persephone have been taken under the same conditions.— Emily E. Morton.
Wing variation of Lepidoptera. — Mr. A. H. Swinton, of Guildford, England, is preparing a somewhat elaborate work upon this subject, which will probably be published early in the spring. — Hy. EDWARDS.
Emergence of Species from the Pupa State. — It is well known ta breeders of Lepidoptera that various species emerge from the pupa condition at different hours of ihe day. The following facts which have come under my observation may he of interest :
Attacus Atlas emerges about 7 A. M.
Aciias Luna " " 4 P.M.
" Selene " " 5 P.M.
Platysamia Ceanothi . " " 4 P.M.
Gioveri . . " ' " 4 P. M.
" Cecropia. " '■ 5 P. M.
I hope soon to be able to give more extended observations to the subject. — B. Neumoegen.
Larva of Pyrrh arctia Isabella. — When first hatched the larvae of this fine moth are black, but after the second moulting one red ring appears, and one more at each successive moulting till the normal number is reached, after which no more moultings occur. The order of occurrence, as far as noticed, is one forward, then one back of the one that first makes its appearance. Some- times there are only two segments with two red tufts on each ; occasionally only three red tufts in all on the back of the larvs. One form, with dirty brick- red tufts on four segments produces what seems to be a variety of this moth, it being lighter colored and the black spots are differently situated. In one case the abdominal portion of the body was quite dark colored ; in others, the body was of the color of the wing, with the usual black spots.— N. Coleman, Berlin, Conn.
PAPILIO.
Prgan of tl^e flew Jork Entomological piub.
Vol. 2.] February, 1882. [No. 2
DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES OF BUTTERFLIES TAKEN IN ARIZONA BY JACOB DOLL, 1881.
By W. H. Edwards.
Terias Gundlachia. Poey, Hist. Nat. de la Isla de Cuba, p. 246, plate 24, figs, I and 3.
Several examples of this fine species were taken in southern Arizona, in October. It is at once distinguishable from other orange species by the triangular prolongation of hind wing oppo- site cell. The male is deep orange, the female paler; the former has a broad, black costal border to primaries, and this extends down hind margin nearly to inner angle, gradually narrowing. The female has a narrow border next base, but broad at apex. Under side of primaries pale orange ; of secondaries rather whitish, with fine streaks and dusting of ferruginous ; beyond the disk a zigzag brown stripe from costal to inner margm, macular beyond cell. In the female wholly macular.
I formerly received a male of this species from the late Mr. Boll, taken in Texas.
Terias Mexicana. Boisd. Morris, p. 36.
This species appears to be common in southern Arizona, and there is much variation in the extent of the black border on secondaries.
Mexicana has occasionally been taken in the Mississippi val- ley, and Mr. A. W. Hoffmeister reports it at Fort Madison, Lee Co., Iowa.
Terias Damaris. Felder, ? Reise Novara, p. 198, no. 100.
Male. — Expands 1.3 inch.
Shape of T Mexicajia, Bois.; much smaller, the hind wings produced to an angle on second median nervule, as in that spe- cies ; color of upper side uniform lemon-yellow ; a few black atoms
20
along costal edge of primaries, but the bases of both wings are quite free from black ; a broad black border along the hind mar- gins; on primaries this presents a deep, broad, sub-quadrangular sinus, covering the two median interspaces ; the base of the sinus is uneven, with a further small excavation in the border; above the sinus the inner edge makes obliquely and with wavy outline for costa, which it strikes at about two-fifths the distance from apex to base ; the border of secondaries has a projecting tooth opposite cell.
Under side of both wings paler, more white, but the cell and costa of primaries decidedly yellow ; a slight sprinkling of dark scales along costal edge, and the ends of the nervules to apex are dotted black ; also towards apex and on upper half of hind mar- gin there is a little ferruginous along the edges ; on upper end of arc of cell a black dot.
Secondaries have a little cluster of ferruginous scales on costa; a dash of ferruginous, with scales behind it, from outer angle half across wing, and in line a mark of same color in lower median in- terspace; on costal edge a few dots, and one on upper end of arc. This description applies to two males taken by Mr. Doll, but the third differs somewhat ; the basal half of secondaries is lightly flecked with ferruginous streaks; in the lower median and in the sub-median interspaces, close to the nervule, and in the line of the ferruginous dash, are two little black points, and half way between the dash and hind margin are two points not so black; one in each of the two upper median interspaces; the ferruginous scales behind the dash are more densely laid on, and over a larger area than in the other males ; otherwise, on both surfaces, this ex- ample resembles the other two. Female. — Same size.
Color of primaries whitish, but yellow next base and over cell to costa; secondaries all yellow, but paler than male; both margins at base dusted black ; the border as in male, with a sim- ilar sinus. Secondaries have no border, but the nervules at outer angle are edged black, next to margin ; discal spot of primaries obsolete.
Under side of primaries nearly as upper, but deeper yellow at base and on cell ; costa and apex dusted ferruginous ; the discal spot distinct.
Secondaries wholly dusted with ferruginous ; the marks as in male.
From 2 <? I ? , taken in southern Arizona. I have also one male, formerly received from the Wheeler expedition. The de- scription of the female answers very well to Felder's. No male seems to have been hitherto described, though Kirby, in Cata- logue, gives 6 Damaris as synonym of Mcxicana ? Bois. Spec. Gen. 655. I have carefully compared that description with Damaris ? and it is not possible that the two are identical". Nor
21
is Daman's sa.me as Depuiseti, Bois., Lep. Guatemala, p. 1 1, as Kirby states, Boisduval says the marginal border of primaries in Depuiseti is deeper than in Mexicana, also that the anterior bor- der of secondaries is largely of a fine citron-yellow. Now, the whole of both wings of ^ Damaris is citron-yellow, and the mar- ginal border is not deeper than in Damaris. Mexicana differs much in its markings, shape of sinus, etc., and no doubt, Datnaris varies considerably also.
Phyciodes Picta.
Melitcea Picta, $ Edw., Pr. Ent. Soc. Phila,, 3, 201.
Canace $ Edw., Tr. A. E. Soc, 3, 206.
Male. — Expands i.i inch.
Upper side black with fulvous and whitish or buff spots or bands, very much as in Pratensis, Behr ; or fulvous and buff with very little black, there being much variation. In the lighter ex- amples, the angular discal band on primaries is yellow-buff, and the fulvous spots of the next outer band are partly replaced by buff; the submarginal lunules are of same color, and there is a buff band across cell; on secondaries the mesial band is partly buff. So much buff with the fulvous gives these examples quite a gay appearance.
Under side of primaries mottled with pale yellow, or yellow- buff, fulvous and black, the apical third being yellow or buff; with same color the costal margin is broadly edged ; there are patches of fulvous in and below cell, and in the median interspaces, the intervening ground being yellow or buff; at inner angle is a black patch, another at origin of lower median nervule, and below same; a curved band beyond cell and a wedge-shaped patch between this and apex. Secondaries yellow or yellow-buff, nearly immac- ulate. Some examples have two small patches of brown on hind margin, a cluster of brown scales at outer angle, and one or two dots near the arc ; also two or three dots corresponding with the pupils of the extra-discal row of fulvous spots of upper side. •Other examples have these last dots, one or two streaks between them and hind margin, and a few dots on costal margin.
Female. — Expands 1.3 inch.
Upper side as in male, except that on secondaries the ful- vous bands are diffused, and the black areas between them re- duced to little more than lines; the fulvous is of uniform shade also, and in the discal band it is not replaced by yellow as in the male. Under side of primaries as in the male ; secondaries yellow, with faint reticulated brown lines on basal area, extending a little beyond the middle of the wing; along hind margin a series of narrow brown crenations, and above these a series of small brown spots or points. By the uniform clear yellow, or buff, of hind wings and of much of primaries, Picta'xs easily distinguished from other western species.
Since seeing the many examples of Picta in Mr. Neumoegen's
22
collection I am satisfied that P. Canace is identical. It was orig- inally described from a ^ received from Arizona, while Picta was described from several males brought by the late Mr. Ridings from Nebraska. The northern examples are darker, but all, whether from Nebraska, New Mcvico or Arizona, agree in the coloration of under side. Mr. Chas. Dury informs me that he found Picta abundant in New Mexico, on his recent visit.
LiMENiTis Ursula. Fabr.
Var. Arizonensis.
Differs from the type in that the primaries are much produced; so also are the secondaries, the band at upper branch of median being much more angulated. The green extra-discal area is broken into spots by the black borders of all the nervules; the marginal spots on primaries are restricted to a single series,, corresponding to the inner row on Ursula type, there being no trace of sub-marginal markings ; these spots, also, are not lunular,. but are small, and on upper half of wing scarcely more than points. Secondaries have two rows along margin, the outer small, lunular, the inner rounded, except the three posterior^ which are lunular, but all are smaller than in Ursula,
The under side is more like Ursula, there being on both wings a double series of lunular spots, but the inner one is decid- edly white on secondaries; there is also an absence of the white found in Ursula about apex and on middle of costa of primaries.
Several males were taken about Tucson, and later in the season, in southern Arizona. I formerly received four (5 of this va- riety from the north of Arizona, taken by the Wheeler expedition. There is a gradual departure from the white-banded form Proser- pina (co-form o{ Art/icuiis) of northern New York, first into the type seen in southern New York, and Pennsylvania to Chicago,, with occasonal traces of the band, then into the typical Ursula, wholly free from the band, as found in Virginia, then this south- western form, in which the shape of the wings alters and the markings have somewhat changed.
So far no females have been taken.
LiMENiTis Weidemeyerii. Edw.
aber. sine-fascia.
This extraordinary example lacks the broad, common white band on both surfaces, also the white patch in cell of primaries ; all the sub-marginal and apical spots are present and as in the type.
Taken near Tucson.
LIMENITIS Eros. hdw.
var. obsoleta.
Color faded, very like Danais Strigosa, Bates, but with the characteristic white spots oi Eros, on the inner side of the black mesial band of secondaries, and on both surfaces.
1^1? taken in southern Arizona, in October.
2.3
Apatura Leilia. Edw. But. N. A. Vol. 2. i. Female. — Expands 2.25 inch.
Upper side ferruginous-brown, lighter than the male ; the apical spots of primaries pure white, as are also the three at end of cell, but those in the median interspaces are yellowish (in male white); three black ocelli as in male. Under side as in male, the base and posterior half of primaries being castaneous, the rest, and all of secondaries, pearl-gray upon a brown sub-color ; the space in cell of primaries between the two dark spots gray-white (in male white); the ocelli on both wings repeated, enlarged, with yellow rings, and in centre clusters of blue scales.
A large number of both sexes were taken in southern Arizona, in October. The male was described from three examples brought in by the Wheeler expedition. Thecla Itys. n. s. Male. — Expands 1.3 inch.
Upper side brown ; primaries have smooth oval sexual spot on disk ; secondaries have a few scales of fulvous in lower median interspace near margin and a whitish edge to margin between tail and angle; tail single, of median length, tapering, black, with white fringe on posterior side and at tip ; fringes of wings fuscous next margins, sordid-white outside, between tail and angle long, whitish, the ends of the hairs there black.
Under side light gray-brown ; primaries have a sub-marginal row of obsolescent spots, and an extra discal row of small rounded black spots, the one on sub-median interspace not always present; each spot edged with white ; on the arc a faint brown streak. Sec- ondaries have a complete sub-marginal row of black points, or small clusters of scales, on whitish ground ; at anal angle a velvet- black patch, over which are a few orange scales and then black ; in next interspace is a bluish spot, with black scales above ; and in lower median interspace a small orange spot with black above and below ; across disk a row of small round black spots in white rings ; a brown streak on the arc.
Body above brown ; beneath, thorax gray-white, abdomen yellow-white ; legs gray ; palpi white ; antennae ringed, black and white ; club black, the tip ferruginous. Female. — Expands 1.3 inch.
Upper side same color as male ; a small clear fulvous spot near margin. In one example there is a second tail, very short, black with white tip. In another this tail is wanting. Under side as in male, but the discal spots are a little larger, as also is the orange spot on secondaries, and the next three black spots anter- ior to this have yellow scales on lower side. From I 1^ 2 ? taken at Prescott. The species belongs to the Acadica group Thecla Leda. n. s. Male. — Expands .85 inch.
24
Upper side pale black, along inner margin of primaries and base, and inner half of secondaries, violet-blue ; on primaries a dark, rough stigma ; secondaries have two tails, the anterior one short, the other long, both black with white tips; a dark patch at anal angle, and two in the next adjoining interspaces on the margin.
Under side gray-brown ; both wings edged by a brown line^ next which the scales are whiter than elsewhere, giving the ap- pearance of a second line, white; primaries have an obscure sub- marginal series of brown lunules, an extra-discal, somewhat macu- lar, band covering whole wing, brown, with no scales, and edged without by white, at the end of cell a brown bar, with red scales and white on either side. Secondaries have a clouded marginal border, indistinct brown lunules running through a whitish ground; a black anal patch, over which is a red edging, red also on the inner margin, just above ; a rounded red spot, with black at the margin, between the two lower branches of median ; across the disk a macular band from margin to margin, bent at a double angle, or W, below median, brown, much covered with red, and edged outside by white ; an obscure streak at end of cell, and a brown and red bar above cell half way between the band and base.
Body above fuscous, the abdomen whitish, with orange scales; under side of thorax and abdomen white ; legs biown and white ; palpi white, brown above and at tip ; antennae fuscous, narrowly ringed with white; club black, fulvous at tip.
From 2 3 taken near Prescott.
This pretty species is allied to Clytie, Eciw., described from a single female, in Field and Forest, Vol 3, page 232, 1877, ^"<^ ^t first view I thought these Arizona examples were the males of that species. Clytie was taken by Mr. Boll at San Antonio. Sec- ondaries are wholly light blue, color of Lycaena PsetidargiohiSy. and so are the inner margins of primaries, whereas Leda is violet- blue ; the under side is marked with red as in Leda^ but more heavily. Both wings are edged by a red line, and hence it differs from Leda. So the outer tail is white, and theother black, partly fringed on one side by white, whereas in Leda both are blacky with only the extreme tip white. The abdomen of each is white^ but Leda has much orange on upper side. So that the two forms are distinct, though of same sub-group.
1 take the opportunity to reprint the description of Thecla Clytie, as Field and Forest is no longer published, and the vol- umes are not readily accessible.
Thecla Clytie. Field and Forest, m, p. 88 1877.
Female, — Expands .8 inch.
Upper side of primaries blackish, except on the inner margin up to cell, where the color is light blue, forming a pretty reg- ular arc of a circle, terminating at three-fourths the distance from
25
base to inner angle. Secondaries wholly light blue, color of Ly- caena Pseudargiolus, pale next outer angle and along inner mar- gin ; hind margin edged by a black line, preceded by a white one, and on that, towards outer angle, is a narrow fuscous edging; some small patches of fuscous also near inner angle along same line ; in lower median interspace is a marginal black, rounded spot, and at inner angle, an orange spot ; furnished with two tails, the outer one short, white; the inner one very long, threadlike, black, partly fringed on one side by white, white at tip ; fringes of primaries fuscous, of secondaries white, not pure but a little gray, and at the ends of the middle nervules darker than elsewhere.
Under side gray-white, pale on disks, and darkest on hind margins ; both wings are edged by a fine red line, and are crossed a little beyond the middle by a common series of elongated red spots edged with white; this series on primaries stops at lower branch of median, and on inner margin of secondaries takes the form of W; discal spot of primaries a long, red bar; on second- aries there is a small red spot on costal margin near base, and two smaller ones in line with it on middle of basal area ; primaries have also a sub-marginal row of pale fuscous, sub-lunate spots, and the marginal area of secondaries is clouded with light and dark, not forming distinct spots ; between the tails a black tri- angle upon a large orange spot, and at the angle a black spot overtopped by orange ; the under side of the tail is also red next the margin.
Body above black, covered with blue hairs, the abdomen white; beneath wholly pure white ; legs white, annulated broadly with black on outer sides ; palpi white ; antennae annulated black and white; club tipped with ferruginous.
From I ? taken at San Antonio, Texas. So far as I know this specimen is still unique.
Thecla Ines. n. s.
Male. — Expands .80 to .85 inch.
Upper side wholly lavender-blue, except the apical area of primaries, which is brown-black ; secondaries have a rounded black marginal spot between the tails and an indistinct spot next anal angle ; the posterior tail is long, and both are slender, black, tipped white ; fringes sordid-white next the margin, brown at ends.
Under side of both wings cinereous, lightest colored over extra-discal part of secondaries. Under a glass the scales are seen to be alternately gray and brown, but on secondaries, beyond disk, the gray scales prevail, and this area is clouded, light and dark; primaries have a sub-marginal line of pale brown lunules; an extra-discal, nearly straight black stripe, edged on the outer side by white ; a straight black bar on arc ; secondaries have an irregular black line across disk, forming a W near inner margin ; on the arc a black streak; a brown patch at inner angle and a faint spot between the tails.
26
Body above blue, on abdomen mixed with brown; beneath, thorax cinereous, abdomen lighter ; legs gray and black ; antennae annulated black and white ; club black, tip ferruginous.
Female. — Expands about i inch.
Rather more than half of primaries is black, the blue being restricted to posterior part, and not reaching inner angle; the blue is also a shade darker than in male ; secondaries blue, except on the costal margin, which is black. Under side as in the male, but in the mesial band of secondaries ferruginous scales appear.
From a large number of examples taken in southern Arizona, in October.
This species belongs to same group with Leda and Clytie.
COP.^ODES Myrtis. n. s.
Male. — Expands .8 inch.
Upper side bright red-fulvous; hind margin of primaries bordered by pale brown, narrowly next inner angle, widening above and at apex; the nervules brown at extremities; costal edge brown ; at outer end of cell an indistinct dark mark ; sec- ondaries have a narrow brown border from outer angle to lower median nervule ; the inner margin narrowly and the costal margin broadly edged brown.
Under side of primaries brown, yellowish at tip; from base to near inner angle a black stripe ; color of secondaries wholly yel- lowish.
From I $ taken near Tucson.
Pamphila Arabus. n. s.
Male. — Expands 1.3 inch.
Upper side glossy dark brown ; primaries have three small spots on costal margin in straight transverse line, and two oblique to them in median interspaces, all translucent; a whitish point in sub-median interspace in line with the two spots, and a similar point in cell near outer end ; fringes brown.
Under side of primaries brown, the hind margin, from apex, two-thirds distance to inner angle, clouded dark gray; secondaries gray-brown, shading into brown on middle of disk, and slightly gray again along hind margin ; the brown area lies on middle of disk and to costal margin. Body, above dark brown, below gray ; legs light brown ; palpi whity-brown ; antennae, black above, yellowish below ; club black, tip ferruginous.
From I ? taken in southern Arizona, in October.
Pyrgus Nearchus. n. s.
Male. — Expands 1.2 inch.
Upper side brown-black, over basal areas blue-gray ; primaries )iave a row of white points, and an incomplete sub-marginal row, only distinct next inner margin ; on costal margin, three-fourths the distance from base to apex, are four white spots in transverse line; outside these, near hind margin, a double spot, and in upper median interspace, beneath the costal line, a single spot ; across
27
both wings a broad white mesial band ; secondaries have a mar- ginal row of small spots, and a row of sub-marginal lunules on posterior half of the wing ; fringes alternately white and black.
Under side of primaries pale greenish-brown, the spots and band repeated, the former confluent and enlarged ; costal margin whitish : secondaries clouded, greenish-brown and sordid-white, the band not clearly defined ; inner margin white. Thorax and abdomen above blue-gray, below, thorax white, abdomen pale- brown ; legs buff-white ; palpi white ; antennas black above, whit- ish below ; club black, whitish below.
From 4 S taken in southern Arizona, in October.
EUDAMUS HiPPALUS. n. S.
Male. — Expands 1.6 inch.
Upper side glossy-brown ; primaries have, at three-fourths the distance from base to apex, four minute, whitish, semi-trans- parent spots on costal margin, three of them in perpendicular line, the fourth a little outside ; a similar spot in lower discoidal interspace, a small lectangular spot in upper median and a large rhomboid in lower median interspace ; these three in an oblique line; a bar across cell just over the rhomboid, and above cell a dash nearly parallel to costal edge ; fringes of primaries alter- nately fuscous and dull white, the dark shade prevailing at apex, of secondaries white with short brown hairs nt the ends of the nervules, but which do not entirely cross the white.
Under side brown, much dusted with gray scales, especially over secondaries and at apex of primaries; inner margin of pri- maries yellowish ; secondaries crossed by two dark bands, one on disk, the other beyond; there is also a demi-band near base ; the spots of primaries repeated and a little enlarged, and in addition there is a light brown patch lying between the outer spots and opposite cell.
Body brown above, beneath, thorax gray-brown, abdomen whitish, with a brown line on venter; legs gray-brown, the inside of tibiai white; palpi white with brown hairs; antennae black above, annulated with yellow beneath ; club black above, yellow beneath, and above also, at base, tip ferruginous.
From 2 S taken at Tucson and at Prescott.
The species is near Celliis, Bois.
Megathymus Neumoegeni. n. s.
Male. — Expands 2 inches.
Upper side black and orange-fulvous ; costal margin brown ; along the hind margin of both wings a broad black band, erose within and opposite cell on primaries incised ; on costal margin, beyond cell, a black patch which extends to median nervure, and there connects with a larger patch which occupies most of the disk; between this and the border a broad, orange-fulvous band from margin to margin, but restricted opposite cell; on costa a fulvous patch anterior to the black one ; the basal area darker fulvous.
28
Secondaries have the disk black, much concealed by long; fulvous hairs, and between this and the border a light band as on primaries ; fringes alternately fuscous and sordid-white, white prevailing on posterior half of secondaries.
Under side of primaries dark brown at base and on posterior half of wing quite to hind margin, the apex densely sprinkled with gray-white scales ; the orange band repeated, but above median replaced by white ; the patch on costa repeated.
Secondaries brown, wholly sprinkled with gray-white scales^ most densely beyond disk, and this area is somewhat clouded ; a small white spot near base below sub-costal, otherwise immacu- late.
Body brown ; beneath, thorax gray-white, shading towards abdomen into gray-brown ; legs reddish-brown, with many gray scales and hairs ; palpi white ; antennae brown above, whitish below ; club, black above, whitish below, tip dark ferruginous.
Female. — Expands 2.2 inches.
Less black, more orange fulvous; the borders as in the male; in one example the black patches are nearly as in the male, but in the other they are greatly reduced. In this last one, on under side of' primaries, the orange band is broad and bifid, embracing the costal patch ; secondaries, in addition to the white spot near base, have a white patch, a cluster of white scales, denser than elsewhere, near inner angle.
From 1^2? taken in southern Arizona. 'Another ? was taken, making four examples. They are described as sitting in the sunlight, on leaves of Agave, and flying when disturbed to the adjoining cliffs of rocks, alighting generally out of reach of the net. I take pleasure in naming this species for Mr. B. Neumoegen, whose zeal has led him to send a special agent, these two seasons, to explore New Mexico and Arizona for lepidoptera. By great sacrifices rich results fortunately have been attained, as was fit- ting. In the Heterocera, particularly, numbers of new and rare species have been taken.
LIST OF SPECIES OF BUTTERFLIES TAKEN IN ARIZONA BY JACOB DOLL, 1881.
Papilio Daunus Bois.
Philenor Linn.
Pieris Protodice . . . Bois.
Terias Nicippe Cram.
" Gundlachi Poe\ .
" Mexicana ... Bois.
" Damans Felder.
' Lisa Bois
Danais Berenice Cram.
Strigosa Bates.
Geirocheilus Tritonia.. . ..Edw.
Satyrus Meadii. "
Libythea Bachmanni KirtU
Apodemia Mormo Feld.
" Nais Edw.
" Palmeri "
Charis Australis "
•Thecla, Leda. "
" Ines "
. " Itys "
29
Melitaea Dymas Edw.
Bollii "
" Minuta "
Phyciodes Pratensis Behr.
" Marcia Edw.
Picta "
Eresia Texana "
Synchloe Adjutrix Scud.
" Crocale Edw.
Grapta Satyrus "
Junonia Lavinia Cram.
Limenitis Ursula Fab.
V. Arizonensis Edw.
" Weidermeyerii "
" aberr. sine-fascia . . .
" Eros. ... "
V. obsoleia "
Heterochroa Californica Butler.
Apatura Leilia Edw.
Neonympha Rubricata "
" Henshawi "
Lycaena Aloe "
" Fea "
Marina Reak.
Copaeodes Procris Edw.
" Myrtis . . "
Pamphila Taxiles "
" Comma v. Juba Scud.
" Otloe Edw.
" Rhesus "
Uncas "
" Arabus "
•' Eufala ■'
Amblyscirtes Aenus . "
" Simius "
.Pyrgus Nearchus "
Tessellata Scud.
Systasea Zampa Edw,
Pholisora Catullus ... .Cranh —
" Pirus Edw.
• Eudamus Hippalus "
• Megathymus Neumoegeni "
30-60 species in all.
LIST OF BUTTERFLIES COLLECTED ON THE PA- CIFIC COAST, PRINCIPALLY IN CALIFORNIA, IN 1876, WITH NOTES ON THEIR LOCALITIES AND HABITS.
By R. von Osten Sacken.
Papilio D^NUS. Bdv. Yosemite, June 12; Ogden Canon, Utah, August 2r'
Papilio Rutulus. Bdv. Los Angeles, about the end of February; San Bernardino, March 15 ; San Rafael, (Marin Co.,) Geysers, (Sonoma Co.,) very common in April and May; Yose- mite Valley, June.
Papilio Eurymedon. Bdv. Marin Co., April ; Geysers, Sonoma Co., May 5. On road from Clarks to Big Trees, Mari- posa Co., about 5000 feet altitude, June 3 ; Yosemite, June 9.
Papilio Zolicaon. Bdv. Marin Co., early in May; Web- ber Lake, at an altitude of about 8000 feet, July 24. This species appears to be fond of flying on the tops of hills. I saw it in such positions in Marin C6., as well as at Webber Lake, and at Lake Tahoe. The latter is about 6200 feet altitude.
Papilio Philenor. L. Very fine examples in Marin Co., in April and May. In San Rafael the caterpillars went into chrysalis about the end of June.
Parnassius Clodius. Men. Webber Lake, Sierra Co^., July, quite common.
Parnassius Smintheus. Dby. Georgetown, Colorado, 8500' feet altitude. Rare and rather worn, August 12.
PlERlS Venosa. Said. Very common in Marin Co.. from the end of March to the beginning of May.
30
PlERlS CasTORIA. Reakt. San Rafael, etc.; May lO. Anthocaris ausoniedes. Bdv. Sonoma Co.; April 27. Anthocaris hyantis. Edw. Geysers, Sonoma Co., May 5; Yosemite, June 13.
Anthocaris Reakirtii. Edxv. On sea shore, Sta. Barbara, February 6; San Bernardino, March 12; Marin Co., end of April and beginning of May. Not rare.
Meganostoma eurydice. Bdv. Lagunitas, Marin Co., April 15.
COLIAS EURYTHEME. Bdv. Ydsemite Valley, June 11 ; Lake Tahoe, 6200 feet, July 19.
COLIAS Keewaydin. Edw. Common in Marin and Sonoma Counties, end of April ; Yosemite, June 5.
COLIAS Meadii. Edw. Foot of Gray's Park, Colorado. Altitude 12,500 feet ; August.
Pyrameis Atalanta. L. Marin and Contra Costa Coun- ties ; July.
Pyrameis Cardui. L. Sta. Barbara,* January 25; common. Los Angeles, March; Webber Lake, July 29; Fort Bridges, August 7; Cheyenne, August 21.
Pyrameis Cary^^j. Hbn. San Bernardino, March 12. Small and worn. Marin Co., April i ; Webber Lake, July 27.
Vanessa Californica. Bdv. Marin Co., April 15; Lake Tahoe, July 19. Very dark specimens.
Vanessa Antiopa. L. Yosemite, June 12. Common. Lake Tahoe, July 19; Humboldt station, Nevada, July 29, very large. Fort Bridger, Wyom., August 7.
JUNONIA Coenia. Bdv. Yosemite, June 9; Summit Sta- tion, Sierra Nevada, 7000 feet, July 17.
Grapta satyrus. Edw. Marin Co., April 2. Graptasilenns. Edw. Lagunitas Creek, Marin Co., April 15. LiMENiTis LORQUINI. Bdv. Marin and Sonoma Cos., May 10-30. Common. Yosemite, June 14; Webber Lake, July 17. LiMENiTis Californica. Butl. Marin Co., with the pre- ceding but much less common. May ; Yosemite, June 9.
LIMENITIS Weidemeyerii. Edw. Ogden, Utah, August 2; Fort Bridger, August 7; Manitou, Colorado, August 18.
LIMENITIS MISIPPUS. Godt. Fort Bridger, Wyom., August 27. Not rare.
Argynnis monticola. Behr. Lake Tahoe, July 19. Com- mon.
Argynnis CORONIS. Behr. Ogden Canon, Utah, August 12. Arginnis Leto. Behr. With the preceding. Arginnis Eurynome. Edw. Fort Bridger, Wyom., Au- gust 12.
Argynnis Epithore. Bdv. In the coast range, among the Redwoods, (Sequoia sempervirens,) between Sta. Clara and Sta. Cruz. Quite common. May 22.
31
Melit^a CHALCEDON. Bdv. Emerged from chrysalis in Los Angeles, March i6. Common around San Francisco in May; Yosemite, June,
MeliT/EA Editha. Bdv. Grafton's, near San Bernardino, March 12. (Determined by Dr. H. Behr).
MELlT.'iiA PALLA. Bdv. Marin and Sonoma Cos., April and May; Yosemite, June.
MELIT.EA NUBIGENA. Behr. Between Glacier Point and Snow's, Yosemite Valley. Altitude about 7000 feet. Very com- mon on July 10.
Phyciodes mylitta. Edtv. San Rafael, July 17.
Phyciodes PKATENSIS. Behr. Marin Co., April. Common.
The species captured before July. 15 were determined by Mr. Henry Edwards, those taken after that date, by Mr. Sam'l H. Scudder. One exception is noted.
A NEW VARIETY OF CATOCALA
By G. R. Pilate, Dayton, Ohio.
Catocala Clintonii. — Grote. Var. Ilelene. n. var.
In order that my description may be better understood, I will make it in comparison with Clintojiii.
Expanse 2 inches.
It is exactly the same size and shape of Messrs. Grote and Strecker's figures of Clintonii; and of two specimens, $ and?, in my own collections.
Thorax darker than in Clintonii, and more speckled with black.
The thorax and collar are of an uniform color, while in some five or six examples of Clintonii that I have seen, the color is brownish, tipped with a well defined black line, below which is a white or grayish one. Abdomen a little more brownish, than in Clintonii. Upper surface ; primaries much darker, especially in the middle area, than in Clintonii ; and covered with blackish specks ; basal line well marked ; t. a. line a little more distinct than in Clintonii, and differently shaped ; in Clintonii, starting from the costa, it makes a long sharp tooth posteriorly, and then curves inwardly to the black basal dash ; while in Helefie the tooth is small and points anteriorly ; the line curves irregularly across the cell, where it forms another tooth pointing anteriorly: from there to the base it is similar to Clintonii ; t. p. line also differs from Clintotiii ; the two teeth are unequal and blunt ; the second one being very small, and rounded at the point ; while in Clintonii they are both large, sharp and of nearly equal length ; from the teeth the line is undulating and continues down to the base of the wing, without showing the long black sinus, which occurs in Clintonii; the sub-marginal line is whitish in color;
32
between it and the t. p. line is a brownish shade ; the marginal line is without dentations, and not scalloped as in Clintonii ; sub-marginal space streaked with black along veins i and 2, but not on veins 6 and 7 as in Clintonii; the median shade is very- heavy and extends from the costa to the lower anterior border of the reniform ; the reniform is brown, bordered posteriorly with white, and anteriorly by the median shade ; sub-reniform hardly visible. Black basal dash of Clintonii totally wanting. Secondaries ; the median band is not contracted near the centre, as in Clintonii ; the marginal band is very nearly twice as wide as that of Clintonii^ and the separation near the anal-angle not so well marked as in Mr. Strecker's figure, or in the examples of Clintonii that I have seen ; but not entirely connected, as in Mr. Grote's figure, Pro. Ent. Soc. of Phil., vol. 3, plate 3, fig. 4; the marginal yellow spot shows but slightly ; the fringe is not as deep as in Clintonii, and is much darker. Under surface; bands all much wider than in Clintonii, and consequently giving it a much darker appearence ; the marginal band not showing the separation. This van is described from one ? taken at sugar, June 1 8th, i83o. I took a ^ and ? Clintonii the same evening, and another $ the following evening; those being the first and and last of that species taken in this locality. Though differing considerably from Clintonii, I am satisfied it is only a var. of that species. I sent my type of Helene to Mr. Hy. Edwards last winter, and he said he had never seen one like it, and did not know what it was. On the strength of his assertion, I have named and described it.
During the past season I took two specimens of Catocala Robinsoni, var. Curvata. French ; both of them were ? .
FOOD PLANTS OF PLATYSAMIA CECROPIA.
(From papers read before the Natural History Society of Toronto, Dec, 1880, and Dec
1881, by Wm. Brodie.]
The following list is compiled from researches made in the County of York, Ontario, during the last 17 years.
The finding of a cocoon on a plant is not held to be conclusive that the larva fed on that plant ; all such cases, when unsupported by other evidence, have been rejected.
The plants are held to be such as a perfect female Cecropia, at liberty, will select as food for her young.
33
The list is, no doubt, quite imperfect, and in a few years will be largely supplemented :
ORDER. GROSSULACEyE. Ribes Floridum, Linn.
" var. officinale, Linn.
" rubriwi,var.officinaleX-'\^n.
ORDER. CAPRIFOLIACE^. Sainbuscus Canadensis, Linn. '* pub ens, Michx.
ORDER. ULMACE^. Uhnns, Americana, Linn. " racemosa. Thorn. fulva, Michx.
ORDER. CUPULIFER^. Querciis alba, Linn. Fagus ferry ginea , A i t . Cory Ins Americana, Walt.
" rostrata. Ait. Carpinus Americana, Michx.
ORDER. BETULACEyE. Betula alba, Linn.
*• excelsa. Ait.
** lent a, Linn. Alnus iticana, Willd.
" serrulata. Ait.
ORDER. SALICACEiE.
Salix humihs, Mar.
" lucida, Muhl.
" viminalis, Linn.
" alba, Linn. Populus tremuloides, Michx.
ORDER. TILIACE^.
Tilia Americana, Linn. " EuropCBa, Linn.
ORDER. A( ERACE.E.
Acer spicatum, Sam.
" saccharinmn, Warz.
" dasycarpnm, Ehr.
" rubrnm, Linn. JSIegundo aceroidcs, Moen.
ORDER. ROSACEiE.
Primus A mericana. Marsh.
" domestica, Linn.
" Pennsylvanica, Soi.
" Virgi?iiana, D. C.
" Serotina, D. C.
" vulgaris, Linn. SpiroBa opulifolia, Linn.
" salici folia. Linn.
" tomentosa, Linn. -Cratcegus coccinea, Linn.
" tomentosa, Linn.
" Crux-galli, Linn.
Pyrus Mains, Linn.
" communis, Linn.
" coronaria, Linn.
" arbutifolia, Linn.
" Americana, D. C. A melanchier Canadensis, Lorr. and Gr.
balsamifera, Linn.
It will be seen that this species has been observed to feed on 49 specimens of plants, which belong to no less than 20 genera, and 9 Natural orders. I hope soon to be able to give the result of my observations upon other species of BombycidcB.
34 NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA.
Zeuzera ^SCULI L.— a fine example of this wtrll-known European species was taken in a spider's web in Hoboken, N. J., in June last, by Mr. Schmitz. It was alive, and was endcavoring^ to escape from the web. The specimen is now in the coUeciion of Mr. B. Neumoegen. — Jacob Doll.
A Powerful Insecticide. — The Department of Agriculture, at Wash- ington, has just issued a circular with reference to Pyrethrum rosenm, claim- ing that this plant is highly destructive to Insect life. It would appear likely to become of great service in preserving cabinet specimens from insect pests. — Editor.
Swarming of Colias philodice. — In August last, on the White Plains R. R., near Scarsdale, I observed, settling on the track of the railway, for a space extending over a mile, immense swarms of this species. Their number can only be expressed by "myriads." When disturbed they flew up in clouds, settling again very quickly at a little distance. They were nearly ail $, $ , my estimate at the time being that there was about i $ in 500 examples. I could see no noteworthy variation in the many specimens captured, save a trifling occasional difference in the width of the margmal band. All the specimens seemed fresh, and m good condition. — Editor.
Butterfly parasites. — An admirable paper has just been published by Dr. A. S. Packard, Jr., in the Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. History, in which the author describes 22 species of Ichneumonidce, known to be parasitic on our butterflies. Tne forms mentioned belong to 10 genera, viz. : Ophion, Campo- plex, Trogo", Ichneumon, Microgaster, Pteromalus, Encyrtus, Etilophus, Entedon, Trichogramma. The descriptions are made with Dr. Packard's usual care. — Editor.
Hepialus Gracilis, Grt. — In August, 1880, I took, in one day, about twenty imagos, sitting against the trunks of trees, in a cemetery of St. John, N. B. A. W. PuTMAN Cramer.
RHOrOPHORA Florida, Guen.— On July 17, 1881, I found these beau- tiful noctuids, in the middle of the.^y, sitting in the flowers of Oenothera biennis. L. The colors of the insect Being almost identical with those of the half-closed flowers, made it very hard to disiingoish them. On the 7th of Au- gust I found, in the same spot, the young larvae feeding on the interior of the seed pods ; their heads and half their bodies being inside, while the rest of their body protruded outside through a hole, gnawed in the side of the pod. Alto- gether I found seventy larv« in a small spot in Central Park, and a few near Flushing, L. I. — A. W. Putman Cramer.
Insect Pests in California,— From the Report of the California Fruit-Growers' Association (S. Francisco, 1882), we learn that the Codlin Moth {Carpocapsa pomonelld), is causing a great deal of damage in the orchards ot the State. It appears, from the address of President C. H. Dwi- ndle, that this destructive species was unknown west of the RocKy Mountains until 1873. in which year it was introduced among some fruits sent trom the eastern side of the continent to the State Fair, at Sacramento. The insect has spread with such rapidity that now few parts of the State may be said to be free from its attacks. In the Report there is also an allusion to two other species of Lepidotpera, said to occasion damage, viz. : Clisiocampa Americana and Orgyia leucostigma. These, however, are wrong determinations, neither of the species being found on the Pacific Coast. The insects referred to are probably Clisiocainpa Californica, Pack., and Orgyia vetusta, Bdv. — Editor.
Dwarf Butterflies. — Among some insects recently received by Mr. J. Akhurst, from the Upper Amazon, were several examples of the well-known tropical species, Gynecia Dirce, L. and GonepieryxLeachiana, Godt., which. are little more than one-half of the usual size. — Editor.
PAPILIO.
Prgan of tl^e few Jork f ntomological piub.
Vol. 2.] March, 1882. [No. 3
NOTES ON VARIATIONS IN SOME JAPANESE LEPIDOPTERA.
By Charles Ishikawa, University of Tokio, Japan.
Having had a summer's tour in the southern extremities of Hokkaido, I caught a few species of butterflies which are more or less interesting, as the}' present peculiar local variations in comparison with those found on the main island. These species are :
1. Araschnia Fallax. O. Janson.
This species is common in the northern part of the main island, abounding in the mountainous districts. A species very- much allied to this was found by Mr. Fenton in the shady wood near Sapporo, Hokkaido, and described by him under the name of ^. Obsciira.
2. LeUCOPHASIA AmURENSIS,. Meuetries.
The representative of this species (figures i, 2) was found in Hokkaido, with rounder wings and paler apical patch. (Figs, 3,4.)
Mr. Fenton has kindly described this species for me as fol- lows :
LEUCOPHASIA Morsel Fenton.
Allied to L. Amurensis, Menetries.
Wings rounder; not produced at the apex ; the black apical patch, lighter.
Average expanse of
L. Amurensis, $ , i" 11 j4"'', ?, 2" o^'". L. Morsel, 6,1" 11'"; ?, 2" o'".
Together with the roundness of the wing in the Hokkaido species, it will be seen that the fourth and the fifth subcostal
36
veinlets are shorter than those of L. Amurensis, showing thus either the rounding of the wing had taken place in L. Morsei or the reverse had occurred in L. Avmrensis, which changes depend entirely upon the original place of the species.
In Figs. 5 and 6 I have traced out the outline of the wings comparatively, the dotted line showing the Hokkaido species L. Morsei, and the plain line that of the main island. Fig. 5 shows the comparative outline of the male wings, and Fig. 6 of the female. Figs. 7 and 8 show the comparative outline of the male and female insects ; Fig. 7 showing the outline of L. Morsei and Fig. 8 that o{ L. Amurensis\ the dotted line shows the S and the plain line the ? .
3. Argynnis Rabdia. Butler. Fig. 9.
The Hokkaido representative of this species has its wings Slightly rounded, Fig. 10 ; the inner deep brown borders of the median band between the costal vein and the first subcostal vein- let straight, and the outer borders of the same bent inward, the reverse taking place in the species of the main island. Many other differences occur between these species, which are, how- ever, not constant.
In P'ig, 1 1 the outline of the primaries of the male speci- mens are compared, and in Fig. 12 that of the secondaries, together with the borders of the band. The dotted line in both figures show the Hokkaido species and the plain line the species of the main island.
4. Papilio Jutanus. Fenton.
This species occurs not only in Hokkaido, but also in the mountains of the main island. Its ally, P. Dehaani, Felder,is com- mon round Tokio and northward (principally), becoming scarcer as we go up in Hokkaido, while P. Jtitanns becomes more and more numerous, until near Sapporo we entirely lose sight of P. Dehaani.
These two species or varieties, as Mr. Fenton doubts, differ from each other both in the form of wings and in their markings. In P. Jutanus the outer edges of the primaries are slightly scalloped, (Figs. 13 and 14, 13 showing the male wings and 14 the female). The submarginal band of the green atoms of the primaries is more distinct and narrower; a band of yellow atoms a little beyond the middle of the secondaries below, wholly absent in P. Dehaani.
I must add that the majority of the facts in this note were made by Mr. M. A. Fenton, and were handed to me in the year 1878, after our summer's trip to that island, Mr. Fenton giving me the liberty of communicating them at the meeting of the Biological Society at Tokio.
I will not venture to draw any conclusions from these simple observations, but I trust that they may be of interest to the readers of Papilio.
VARIATIONS IN JAPANESE LEPIDOPTERA,
38 NOTES ON ADELOCEPHALA BICOLOR, HARRIS.
By H. S. Jevvett, M. D., Dayton, O.
In the following description, the dorsal line is the line run- ning along the centre of the back. The stigmata I line is the line passing through the spiracles. The snh-dorsal //;/^' is the line mid way between the dorsal and stigmatal lines. The dorsiun is the space extending on each side of the dorsal line to the sub-dorsal lines. The sub-dorsal space is the space between the sub-dorsal and stigmatal lines. The stigmatal space is the space between the base of the legs and stigmatal line. The venter is the under surface of the larva.
The eggs are smooth, pale-green, oval disks one-twentieth inch in longer, one-twenty-fourth inch in shorter, diameter and one- thirt}^-second inch thick. As they approach maturity they be- come biconcave and change to yellowish-brown in color. From thirty-six to forty-eight hours before hatching, a dark brown spot (the head of the larva which lies coiled around the edge of the disk-shaped eggs) becomes visible through the translucent shell.
Eggs deposited May 26 hatched on May 31. Larvae one- eighth inch long, pale green. Head very dark glossy brown (nearly black); sub-quadrate, bilobed, with a number of minute stiff black hairs scattered over it. Each segment, from the first to eleventh, inclusive, has three (3) conical tubercles on each side of the dorsal line ; one on the sub-dorsal line, another just below it, and the third just below the stigmatal line. Each of these tubercles gives rise to a short black hair. The second and third segments, in addition to these tubercles, have (on each side of the dorsal line) two long (one-eighth inch), filiform, many- branched protuberances, eachtermmating in a minute pear-shaped knob from which project two short spines. When the larva has just emerged from the Qgg, these protuberances are brown in the half next to the larva and red in the terminal half; but in a few hours the color changes so that the half next to the larva, the knob and the branches are dark brown, and the remaining por- tion is red brown. In the fourth to eleventh segments, inclusive, the dorsal line is marked by a fine black line, and the sub-dorsal space is occupied by a colored band consisting of five delicate lines; first a white line just below the sub-dorsal line, next a black line, then a gray line, then a white line and then a black line. The eleventh segment is quite prominent, bearing upon the dorsal line a large, many-branched, dark red-brown protuberance. The twelfth segment has two dorsal and six lateral green tuber- cles, each giving rise to a short black hair. Legs green, tipped with brown ; prolegs green.
Larvae passed their first moult June 4, devouring their cast- off skins ; one-quarter inch long, bright green. Head sub-quadrate, bilobed, brown with a narrow green line on each side, running
39
from the dorsal line to outer margin of mandibles. Each seg- ment, from first to eleventh, inclusive, has two rows of six tuber- cles [three on each side of dorsal line, situated as before first moult]. The anterior row of each segment consists of conical yellow tubercles, each emitting a short black hair, while the tub- ercles of the posterior row are smaller, rounded and white. The protuberances on the second, third and eleventh segments are entirely brown in color, and those on the second and third seg- ments are three-sixteenths inch in length, but otherwise un- changed. The twelfth segment is now much flattened above, tri- angular in shape and studded with small white tubercles. The stigmatal line, from the fourth segment to anus, is occupied by a delicate black line bordered above by a narrow, and below by a broad white line. Legs and prolegs green, tipped with brown.
Larvje moulted the second time on June 8 ; one-half to five- eighths inch long, nearly cylindrical, bright green. Head as large as any other segment, green, sub-quadrate, bilobed, with a white line running from the top of the sulcus between the lobes to the outer margin of the brown mandibles, giving the casual observer the impression that the head is small and triangular, with the mandibles for the base of the triangle. Head covered with min- ute hairs. First segment as before moulting. The protuber- ances on second and third segments are one-quarter inch long, of a pink color, with the branches tipped with black, and terminal knob carmine-red. The tubercles on the second to eleventh seg- ments, inclusive, are exactly as in first moult, except that the tubercles of the anterior row of each segment, situated on and just below the sub-dorsal line, are now ivory-white and, on the fifth, seventh, ninth and tenth segments are prolonged and horn- shaped. The protuberance on the eleventh segment is now pink, with white spines tipped with black. The twelfth segment is flattened above, triangular in shape, with the anal extremity slightly bifid, and the sides make an acute angle with the venter, the sub-stigmatal row of tubercles projecting so that the anal prolegs are entirely concealed from above. The whole flattened surface is studded with small green tubercles. The stigmatal line is marked by a band of colors, composed of a fine red line, bor- dered above by a narrow bluish line, and below by a white line, below which is a bright yellow line. Legs and prolegs green, tipped with brown.
Larvae passed their third moult June 13th, three-quarters to seven-eighths of an inch long, nearly cylindrical, green. Head green, bilobed, minutely pubescent. Mandibles, brown, covered with minute hairs. First segment at first as in last moult, but towards the end of this moult it becomes very prominent and sub- triangular in shape, with a yellowish-white line on each side of anterior border, running from near the dorsal to the stigmatal Hne. The protuberances on the second and third segments have
40
now lost the knobs at their extremities and are brown in some larvae and green in others. The only other changes are that the horn-shaped tubercles on the fifth to tenth segments are now larger and more prolonged, and are pink on the inside and have the appearance of burnished silver externally, and the stigmatal line is occupied by a marked band of color, consisting of a dark carmine line (passing through the inconspicuous green stigmata) bordered above by a narrow pale blue, and below by a white line. The legs of some larvae are green and of others brown. Prolegs of some, green, and in others green tipped with brown. In some larvae the stigmatal space has numerous small black tubercles on each segment ; in others there are no black tubercles.
Larvae passed their fourth moult on June 17th. Length, ij^ to i}4 inch. Nearly cylindrical, green. Head green, sub- quadrate, bilobed, covered with minute green granulations, as is also the whole of the body. The dorsum, subdorsal and stigmatal spaces of all the segments are thickly sprinkled with minute white tubercles, while in the stigmatal space there are many minute black tubercles scattered among the white ones. The protuber- ance on the second and third segments are now one-eighth to three-sixteenths of an inch long, slightly conical, pink, with a number of white tubercles scattered along them, marking the places of the former branches. The " silver horns " on the fifth to the tenth segments are now one-sixteenth to one-eighth of an inch long, bright pink inside and burnished silver externally. The number of these "silver horns" varies in different larvae, some having them only on the seventh and ninth segments ; others have them on the fifth, seventh and ninth segments; still others have them on the fifth, seventh, ninth and tenth segments. I have never found these silver horns on any other segments than those mentioned above, nor have I ever found a larva in wliich they were wanting, or in which they were present, on only one segment.'^' The stigmatal line is marked by a dark carmine-red line bordered below by a white band. Just below the stigmatal band of colors is a row of prominent black conical tubercles, one to each segment. The protuberance on the eleventh segment is pink with round white tubercles marking the places where the branches were. Legs and pro-legs green.
The larvffi change only in size during the last moult, and are from two to two and one-half inches long when full grown. They began to quit feeding on the 20th of June, entering the ground within a few hours after ceasing to eat. There they pupated within an oval cell lined with a thin cocoon of silk, the first cast- ing its skin on the 24th. The pupa is at first bright green, but changes to jet black in a few hours. Pupa is nearly cylindrical,
* A larva fjund by a fri nd (by bushheatina) in company with Bicolor \a.r\2e, having no silver ho-ns, but only the rudiments on one segment, but otherwise resembling Btcolor larva so clostly that he supposed it to be oi ly larval variation, disclosed a ^ Anisota bisecta, Lint.
41
the anterior extremity being nearly hemispherical and the pos- terior extremity tapering rapidly in the last two segments to a blunt point which is extended into a bipronged spine three-six- teenths of an inch long. The surface of the hemispherical por- tion is studded with minute sharp triangular points. Wing cases small, covering only the sides and under surface of the anterior one-third of the pupa. Four of the abdominal segments are sepa- rated by abroad, deep sulcus; the anterior and posterior margins of these segments are armed with a row of minute sharp spines.
Imagines began to appear on July 3d, and had nearly all emerged by July loth.
The insect is three-brooded here, hibernating in pupa. Although the large majority of each brood follows the cycle of development as described, yet a few of each brood are much slower in making their changes. Thus a few of the brood did not complete their growth till the end of July, and three pupae formed June 26 are still alive (Feb. 28th), having hibernated. Other pupse of the same brood disclosed their imagines at various periods during July and August. This accounts for the fact that larvae in all stages of development maybe found at any time throughout the summer till frost kills their food plants, which are Gleditschia triacantJios^ L. (Honey Locust or Three-horned Acacia) and Gymnocladus Canadensis, Lam. (Kentucky coffee-tree.)
Up to the third month the larvae, when alarmed, move the protuberances on the second and third segments as if to frighten away the intruder. The larva; pupate readily on the bottom of the breeding cage if ground is not furnished them. In this case they build no cocoon.
THE NOCTUID^E IN THE MISSOURI ENTOMOLOG- ICAL REPORTS.
By C. V. Riley, M. A. Ph. D. To the Editor ^/ " Papilio :"
There are two articles in " Papilio," (Vol. I, No. 8), by Mr. A. R. Grote, to which I beg leave to reply, in the belief that in so doing I may contribute something to Lepidopterology, and charitably overlook reflections unjust and irritating.
In the "Note on Agrotis rrpentis,'' (p. 126) Mr. Grote again ■changes his mind as to the synonymy of this species, weakening his previous argument to the effect that it is identical with A. messo7'ia, Harris. On p. yj, of Bulletin No. 6, U. S. E. C.,* after repeating the original description of y^. c^<;/^r^?;«V, Riley, I remark, ^' There is little question but that this is the moth briefly charac- terized by Harris (Ins. Inj. to Veg., p. 444) as Agrotis messoria, an examination of the type confirming this view. A. repentis, G.
* General Index and Supplement to the nine Reports of the Insects of Missouri, Washington, March 24, 1881.
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and R., and A. lycannn are also conceded by Grote to be syn- onyms."
I have on two occasions, by an examination of the types in Harris's collection, satisfied myself that messoria and cocJiranii are really identical, and notwithstanding Mr. Grote states that he was unable to find the species in Harris's collection, it must be there, unless destroyed or taken away since 1876. Mr. H. K. Morrison also informs me that it was there in 1874, when he care- fully studied and compared it with specimens of cochranii. Whether repentis is or is not the same, this deponent sayeth not, further than that the figure and description of this last confirms the conclusion that it is.
The readers of " Papilio " will doubtless wonder why a copy of Harris's original report should have caused Mr. Grote to change his mind, when the description of Agrotis messoria there given is repeated verbatim in all subsequent editions.
The little skirmish on the question of the identity of mes- soria, seems, however, but a feint to cover a general criticism of the descriptions of Noctuidfe in the Missouri reports, in which Mr. Grote finds " that most, if not all, of the Noctuidse there described as new, ivere in reality knozvn to science^' and then specifies as follows:
- Agrotis Cochranii, Riley, is A. Repentis, G. and R.
Agrotis Sca7idens, Riley, may be A. Messoria H.
Acronycta Populi, Riley, is A. Lepusculina G. , Prodenia Autumnalis, Riley, is Laphygma Frugiperda A and S.
Xyli7ia Cinerea, Riley, is X. Antennata, Walk.
Plusia Brassiccp, may be P. Ni. HUBN.
The above are, I believe, all the new Noctuidas in the Missouri Reports.
Among the identifications of Ncc'uidte in the same Reports, the lollowing are erroneous : Prodenia Comtnelina, Riley, is not Abbot and Smith's species, but Liiieatella of Harvey. (It is possible that Flavimedia and Lineatella are sexes of one species). Again, the Agrotis Jacidifsra ot Prof. Riley includes Agrotis Tricosa of Prof. Lintner and, perhaps, Agrotis Herilis, Grote.
By way of comment on the above permit me to call attention to the following facts :
First. That the synonymy there given in September was, so far as it is correct, published in The Bulletin above cited, copies of which were sent early in April to the New York Entomological Club, as well as to several of its members individually.
Second. That the species were, in most cases, published as new in the Missouri Reports, upon the determinations of Mr. Grote himself. To be more explicit :
I. Since it is admitted that repentis G. and R. xs cocJiranii, Riley, and the latter, as I have proved by examination of the types, is messoria, Harr., it follows that this last cannot be sean- dens, Riley, which, in fact, bears no resemblance to it, and has always been pronounced a good species by Mr. Grote, both in his published papers and in his correspondence with me. It were
43
more appropriately compared with inur<2nula, Grt. Assuming, however, for the sake of argument, that inessoria is not repentis, then why is cocJiranii made a synonym of repentis, since the description of the former was published June 22, 1867, and that of the latter in January, 1868. Mr. Grote could at no time have claimed ignorance of the former description because he wrote me, by date of June 24, 1867, as follows: "I thank you for the Prairie Farmer, containing a detailed and interesting account of cut-worms, with your description o{ A. CocJiranii. n. sp."
2. Acronycta popiili. I have accepted Mr. Grote's decision that this is lepiiscnlina, Guen., though, as I have pointed o\xt, pop- tili differs in several respects from the description of lepnsculina. See Mo. Rep,, II, p. 121, and General Index, etc.: 6, p. 74.
3. Prodenia autumnalis. This was pronounced by Mr. Grote, by letter of August 25, 1869, as " Prodenia sp. new to me." and while I have long since accepted LapJiygma friigiperda, S. and Abb., as a synonym of one of its varieties, the other varieties would, without the proof to the contrary, which I gave, have un- doubtedly been described as distinct.
4. Xylina cinerea. This was pronounced different from any- thing known to Zeller, at the time of the description, and was then, and for several years thereafter, pronounced a good species by Mr. Grote. I discussed its affinities at the time of the descrip- tion, and the authors of the recent " Check List of Macro-iepi- doptera," published by the Brooklyn Entomological Society, express their doubt as to the identity of cinerea and ccntennata by retaining the former without number. I have since read Walker's description, and no one could say positively what is meant without seeing the type.
5. Phisia brassiccB. This was described as new on the au- thority of Zeller, as stated at the time. Speyer, as I have shown (General Index, etc., p. 78), proves it to be really distinct, and his careful comparisons will doubtless convince most Lepidopterists.
6. Prodenia cornmelincB. This was so pronounced by Mr. Grote, from a specimen sent him August 8th, 1867. Flavimedia and lineatella were characterized by Mr. Harvey, some years later, as I have stated in the "General Index," p. 56. Here again, however, as in the case oi A. snbgotJiica and its forms we have, I am satisfied, a question of varieties rather than species. With the well known varieties of LapJiyguia frngiperda in mind, I have been particularly interested, for a good many years, in breeding this Prodenia, and I record here my belief, which will be the ac- cepted belief in the future, \.\\2X flavitncdea and lineatella are one species not distinct from ornithogalli, Guen. The larvae, so far as I have bred material, are extremely variable and not separable, and the same may be said of the mature insects. They are more readily separable from the typical Commelince, though doubts^ even as to their specific distinctness from it are justifiable.
44
/. Agrotis jaadifera. This (Mo. Rep. I, p. 82) neither in- cludes tricosa Lintner, nor hertlis Gr., but, as stated in the " General Index," (^p. 56), \.\\& \.xv\(t siibgothica, Haw. Mr. Grote was formerly of this belief, too,* and, it may be of interest to state, in this connection, that upon sending plate I, of my first Mo. Rep. for his opinion of the various species figured thereon, prior to publication, he replied from Danopolis, Ala., by date of March 17, 1869: " No. 11 \'s> A. subgothica of which A. jaadifera is a synonym." In the "General Index " I have simply stated the fact, without further comment, that, subsequent to the publica- tion of the first Missouri Report, fig 59<?, had been described as herilis by Mr. Grote, and 59^, as tricosa by Mr. Lintner. It may be as well for me here to record my firm belief that we have to do in this instance with mere variations of one species, and that Guenee and the older authors were wiser in so considering them than the later authors in separating them as distinct species. I fully appreciate the care with which Mr. Lintner has separated the three well marked forms, but with every year that I have been able to get additional material for comparison, I have been more and more convinced of the correctness of the view here ex- pressed, and that between the typical S2tbgothica on the one hand, and herilis on the other, there is a perfect series, so that it is im- possible, in some instances, to refer specimens to any one form more than another.
To sum up, I maintain that Mr. Grote, where he is not actually wrong in his conclusions, or opposed to men whom he himself acknowledges as authorities, simply repeats what I had six months previously published; further, that the present syn- onym of the species described in the Mo. Reports was Jiot known at the time of the descriptions, and that if, as he avers, the species were " known to science," the blame for the synonym falls pc^^'ly on him who, claiming special knowledge in the family, was not aware of the fact when the moths were referred to him.
Opinions as to the relations of such forms as Agrotis herilis,- and A. tricosa, Prodenia lincatella and P. flaviviedia will differ accord- ing to the conception of what constitutes a species, and there is all the less reason for dogmatism. However I may differ from the describers of those forms as species, I recognize the value of their work in separating the forms and the convenience of designating them by names. "In the field of [science no less than of] thought and literature it is no less our duty to speak and write in such a way that comprehension and knowledge may be increased by our labors without offense being given, "f and, I would add, in such way that practice comport with preaching.
I reserve remarks on Dakruma for another occasion.
* Bull. Buff. Soc. Nat. S. I., p. loo.
t " The New Infidelity," by A. R. Grcte, p. 91.
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DESCRIPTION OF NEW SPECIES OF BUTTERFLIES FOUND IN THE UNITED STATES.
By W. H. Edwards.
1. Anthocharis Rosa.
2. LiMENITIS HULSTII.
3. " Arthemis. aberr. C.
4. Lemonias Duryi.
5. Lva^NA Ann ETTA
Anthocharis Rosa.
Male. — Expands 1.2 inch.
Upper side pure white, gray at bases of wings ; primaries have a short, straight, black bar on costal margin near apex, turned back obliquely, which, extended, would strike middle of inner margin ; another bar on hind margin on upper branch of median ; the apical area between these almost immaculate, a few scattered black scales only lying near costa ; on arc of cell, a nar- row black bar, bent or a little sinuous ; costal edge sometimes pure white, immaculate ; sometimes with a few black scales and points. Secondaries are of thinner texture, discovering the mark- ings of under side ; at outer angle a slight edging of black at the upper branch of sub-costal, and the fringe against this is black ; also, there is black fringe at end of the lower branch of same nervure ; otherwise all fringes are white.
Under side white, with a pink tint over costa of primaries and all of secondaries above sub-costal nervure, deepest next base ; costal edge either immaculate, or with five or six separate black points ; the discal and costal bars repeated, reduced, the latter densely covered with yellow scales ; the bar on hind mar- gin suppressed, but represented by yellow ; the nervules about ajjx yellow, and on costal edge a black streak at end of each nervule.
Secondaries have three cross bands of black, sprinkled thickly with yellow scales, with some open spaces or spots, discovering a yellow ground ; the anterior band narrow, making a circle about base ; the second, discal, sends a short, stout branch along median nervure to third, then narrows and is attenuated to a point at inner margin ; the third, starting on inner margin, is broad, and after the junction with second, narrows greatly, then widens and strikes hind margin in a triple fork ; at outer angle a short, nar- row bar similar to the bands ; the nervures and branches on mid- dle of the wing yellow.
Body black ; the thorax covered with long gray hairs ; be- neath, thorax yellow, abdomen white along venter ; legs pinkish, the femora covered with long white hairs; palpi white with much gray ; antennae white above, yellowish below ; club white above, yellow below and at tip.
Female. — Expands 1.4 inch.
46
Color of male, on both surfaces, similarly marked ; a few black scales are scattered between the ends of the apical bars, sug- gesting a cross band.
From six examples, 3 <J 3 ? , taken by the late Mr. J. Boll, in western Texas, March, 1878. Mr. Boll informed me, in answer to my inquiry, that he took many more, and all were of the type sent me. The species is nearest Olynipia, Edw., and the banding of under side is of same character. It differs from that species by the immaculate apex, and by the presence of the straight, ob- lique costal bar, instead of an irregular patch.
LlMENITIS HULSTII.
Male. — Expands 2.75 inches.
Apical area of primaries and all secondaries one shade, pale red-fulvous, the remainder of primaries darker, and deepening gradually from inner margin to cell and costa, where the color is castaneous ; costal edge of primaries brown, inner margin red- dish-brown ; hind margin broadly bordered with black, within the inner edge of which is a row of crescent white spots, or near costa rounded ; beyond cell are four sub-triangular small white spots, one in the middle of each interspace, the two upper ones on narrow, dark fulvous ground, the others merely edged with this color; a white spot at origin of upper sub-costal interspace; in ceil, next sub-costal, three-fourths the distance from base to arc, a white point surrounded by black scales. Secondaries have a broad black marginal border, through which runs a series of white points ; across disk a macu lar black line, broken at the nervules, widening next costa, each spot edged on the inner side by white ; the nervures and branches of both wings black, but not edged with black; fringes alternately black and white.
Under side of secondaries and of apex of prim.aries light orange-fulvous, clouded, whitish along the nervules ; the re- mainder of primaries much as above ; castaneous next base in cell ; the black border crenated on inner side on both wings, • the spots in same repeated, but now large crescents; between these and the margins another row of narrow whitish crescents ; the spots on primaries repeated, enlarged, edged on outer side by deep brown, and a patch of same brown lies in lower median in- terspace, in line ; a second spot in cell near base and next sub- costal ; costa brown ; on secondaries the black line is continuous, heavier, edged by white on inner side ; the nervures of both v. ings black, without any edging of black scales.
Body above covered with fulvous hairs, below black on thorax with white spots on sides ; abdomen with a bwff lateral band and another on venter, between them a black stripe ; legs black, the first pair white in front ; palpi black, in front white, (antenncE in example under view wanting).
From a single male taken in Utah and sent me by Rev. Geo.
47
D. Hulst, of Brooklyn, N. Y., to whom I take pleasure in dedicat- ing the species.
This species differs from Disippus in the pale color of upper surface (resembling Danais Strigosa, Bates), and in the con- trast of color between the basal area of primaries, which is cas- taneous, and the apex, as also all of secondaries, which are pale colored of one shade ; in the brown costal margin, and absence of the black patch and stripe beyond cell, which is a conspicuous feature o^ Disippus; in the presence of fourwhite spots, triangular instead of rounded, of equal size instead of irregular ; in the mac- ular stripe on secondaries and its white edging, and in the ab- sence of black scales to the nervures and branches. It is unlike anything I know. For two years I have kept this example with- out describing, hoping that others might come in, especially in Arizona collections.
LiMENlTis Arthemis. aberr. C.
Upper side fulvous, obsured on primaries by much black, on secondaries but little ; on the former, fulvous is most distinct in middle of cell, and below cell to inner margin ; inside the mar- ginal border a row of large dull fulvous spots, lying on the two discoidal and upper median interspaces ; white spots beyond cell 2is\n Disippus; a white dash on inner margin corresponding to what would be the white band in ArtJieinis; secondaries have a complete sub-marginal row of bright fulvous spots, and on the black area next over these, a narrow white band, of even width throughout, cut into spots by the black nervules.
On under side the fulvous is less obscured on primaries, and in cell next base is a large orange patch, and a broad bar across arc; the sub-marginal spots are continued to costa, and are mostly whitish on basal side. Secondaries have the fulvous spots and white band ; the whole disk and area to base pale orange-fulvous with patches of orange disposed as in Arthemis, but of larger size.
This singular example seems to me to be a hybrid between Disippus and Arthemis. The color is of Diiippus, so are the extra- discal white spots on primaries ; but the sub-marginal spots of both wings are of Arthemis ; the white band {Arthemis) is only found on secondaries and is very narrow, but there is a trace of the band of primaries on inner margin ; the under side is of Disippus, but of primaries it is a mixture ; the orange patches on both wings about bases are of Arthemis, but enlarged. This example was taken in Canada, and sent me for inspection by Mr. H. H. Ly- man. I call this aberr. C, applying A and B. to the aberrations described (A. figured) on Arthemis plate, in Bt. N. A., Vol. 2., Plate I, Limenitis.
Lemonias Duryi.
Male. — Expands .9 inch.
Whole upper surface orange-fulvous, except a narrow border of fuscous to hind margins ; within this border a series of white
48
dashes, one to each interspace, in the middle of each dash a black dot, and another at anterior end ; across the disks a common row of black spots, small, mostly lunular; the row on primaries zig- zag; on secondaries a double curve ; on primaries several of these spots have white spots behind them, especially the three or four on costal margin, and the one in second median interspace; each wing has a white spot at end of cell, edged on either side by a black bar, and some black dots nearer base.
Under side of primaries light orange from base to margin^ the border of hind margins ashy-brown ; the dashes and spots repeated. Secondaries ashy-brown from base to margin ; the marginal dashes and dots repeated, enlarged ; across disk a row offline white spots, the first and third from costa minute, the third small, the second large, oval, the fifth a patch on inner margin, all edged anteriorly by black ; above these a row of three, the middle one of which corresponds to the cellular spots of upper side, and is edged on both sides by black ; the other two on the anterior side only; three small white spots next base; fringes alternately white and pale fuscous.
Female. — Expands i.i inch.
Upper side colored as the male, being wholly orange-fulvous, except the borders. Under side as in male.
From I ^ I ? taken by Mr. C. Dury in New Mexico, about five miles east of Mesilla, in some foot-hills of the Organ Mts., in 1 88 1, about April 20. Size of Morino and the general arrange- ment of the spots is as in that species, but the color is fulvous, whereas Morino is fulvous on disk of primaries only, and not at all on secondaries. Mr. Dury writes that the species was rather abundant, and several examples were taken. It flew rapidly near the ground, alighting frequently.
Lyc.ena Annetta, Mead. Mss.
Male. — Expands 1.25 inch.
Upper side primaries blue ; costal margin of primaries silvery next base ; fringes white.
Under side white, with a faint blue tint; both wings have a marginal series of small fuscous spots, preceded by lunules, and behind the latter, on secondaries, yellow-fulvous ; a little of this on primaries ; on secondaries the three or four spots next inner angle are partly covered by pale blue metallic scales ; on the arc of cell of each wing a fuscous bar.
Female. — Expands 1.05 inch.
Upper side pale or whitey brown, nearly white next the hind margins, with a blue shade over the posterior half of each wing and at base ; primaries have a narrow fuscous border to this margin, and secondaries a black line ; the cellular mark on pri- maries quite distinct, owing to the delicate texture of the wing ; secondaries have a marginal series of round black spots, and the
49
lunulas of under side are repeated somewhat, together with the yellow patches.
Under side pale fawn-color over most of the surface, becom- ing white on the extra-discal areas ; the markings as in the male, but more distinct, especially on primaries; in addition there is an extra-discal transverse row of fuscous dots on each wing.
From I <5 1 ? taken by Mr. T. L, Mead, near Salt Lake, Utah, in 1878. Several other examples were taken at same time. The species is close to Anna, Edw., but is of scarcely more than half the size (in superficial area). The male is color of Anna; the female quite different, Anna being dead-leaf brown, with a sub- marginal series of large fulvous crenations on each wing. In both sexes of A 7ma is a common transverse row of spots; elongated spots mostly on primaries ; rounded on secondaries; in Annetta the series is wholly composed of mere dots, and is altogether wanting in the female under view.
50
NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA.
Honey for Sugaring. — I want to suggest to the members of your Club to try extracted honey in sugaring for Lepidoptera. It must be pure and free from glucose, and can be obtained in solid candied form from L. C. Root, Mohawk, N. Y. I should not dilute it much (it any), but only liquify it. It will, I think, prove very attractive. —F. C. Bowditch, Boston.
ArCTIA Dione. — On July 8, 1881, I obtained a ? , which gave 320 eggs. . Half of these were lost or given to friends, but 63 went to chrysalis, and 28 hiber- - nated as apparently full grown caterpillars. In due time 51 emerged as perfect moths, presenting very great variation in the markings. The eggs were placed close 'Ggether in one patch, and in regular rows. Food plants, Plattta^o and Polygonum. Mr. R. ISunker, of this city, is rearing some Dione from eggs laid by my brood, and they hibernate as half grown caterpillars.— H. Roy Gilbert, Roches er, N. Y.
Synopsis of the Noctuid^. — Mr. J. C. Smith is publishing in The Bulletin, Brooklyn Entm. Soc, a careful revision of this difficult group. It will, doubtless, be of great va ue to students. — EDITOR.
Rare Noctuids. — The following species were taken at Centre, N. Y., during the past year.
Leptina Doubledayi Guen. ? ( a
Hadena fractilinea Grote. ,;' ? ( august.
Agiotis dilucida Morr. $ )
" janualis. Grote. 2 ? > September.
" perpoii a Morr. ? )
Scopeloooma trisisignata Grote. i 3 2 ? ^
" Morrisonii Grote. 2 (5 i $ |
" vinulenia Grote. 4 ,? 2 ? |
Glaea viatica Grote. ? } October.
Xylina semiusta (}rote. S \
" unimoda Lmtn. $ |
" lepida Lintn. 2 ^ 3 $ j
The results of the past season have been, on the whole, remarkably poor. Where hundreds of examples came formerly to sugar, but few scattering ones were observed. W. H. Hill, Albany, N. Y.
Melittia cucurbits. — Haw. From numerous observations, I am assured that this insect hibernates in the'caterpillar stage, and does not transform to the pupa state until the spring. The pupa cases are formed in the latter part ol the summer, and, in every instance thus far, I have found the larvae in the cases unchanged. The last examination was made only a day or two since. — N. Coleman, Berlin, Conn., February 24, 1882.
BOMBYCID^ OF N. America. — The readers of " Papilio " will be glad to learn ihat Mr. R. H. Stretch is about to issue a volume, illustrating the whole of the known species of N. American Bombycid^e and ZygEenidee. It will contain about twenty plates, which will be lithographed in black and white only, from pen and ink drawings. The price will not exceed $2.50 for the whole work. We shall refer to the subject again, when the work is nearer comple- tion.—Editor.
Parnassius Smintheus in California. — It has seemed somewhat strange that this species should have been so long unobserved in California, when its yellow spotted form (P. Behrii.) is comparatively common on the slopes of the Sierra Nevada. In June last, however, I observed the true Smintheus rather abundant in moist spots in the Shasta district, and later, that is in August, I saw considerable numbers in the wooded sides of the mountains near Castle Lake. I took one magnificent example, with very large red spots, at first sight looking like Par. Nomion. It was flying on the top of Mt. Bradley, about 7500 feet above the sea level, and seemed attracted to the flowers of a species of Sedum. — James Behrens, San Francisco.
PAPILIO.
Prgan of tl^e flew Jork pntomological flub.
Vol. 2.]
April, 1882.
[No. 4
FEMORAL TUFTS OR PENCILS OF HAIR IN CERTAIN
CATOCAL^.
By James S. Bailey, A. M., M. D.
The accompanying cut represents the fan-shaped brushes of hair found upon the pedes viedii of certain Catocalcs. They are inserted in or near the trochanters, and lie concealed within the folds of and close to the spines of the femora, and reach nearly their entire length. The tufts are capable of being elevated at will, as seen in the engraving, and of being completely hidden
when desired. When a fan, and resemble an outer border has the been evenly trimmed the season of 1881, at concumbens was quite spreading, in some of tuft was visible, but in pencils seen at the same without lifting one ol of an entomological pin. by passing the point
extended they open like artist's fitch brush. The appearance of having with scissors. During Center, N. Y., Catocala numerous at sugar. In the examples a single no instance were both time in an individual them out with the point This was accomplished through the scales, and
very close to the trochanters, when the tufts were easily lifted from their resting places and exposed to view, which gave the
52
Catocala a novel appearance. One of them was allowed to re- main unspread for illustration and cabinet use. Afterward, in examining other varieties of CatocalcE, similar phenomena were exhibited, but were only found in the male sex. Not being readily impressed with the importance of the discovery, I did not pursue my investigations through the different species captured during the season. Later I placed on damp sand for relaxation other CatocalcE, to see if they contained the same appendages, but I failed to detect them by the most careful manipulation. The result might have been different while the examples were fresh. Another year I propose to learn, if possible, if they are common in all species ; if not, in which they are found.
Since the discovery I have been visited by a number of ento- mologists, who have examined the femoral tufts, but not one of them could explain the design and use of them, therefore the subject is brought to the notice of the readers of " Papilio " with the hope that some one can offer a satisfactory explanation.
To one having noticed the overtures of a male beetle in ad- dressing his mate ; having witnessed the gentle contact of his antennae with hers, oft repeated, besides other demonstrations of an endearing nature, I think it may not be improbable to suppose that these tufts may be employed as an aphrodisiac. If for other purposes, I should be pleased to know them.
NOTES ON N. AMERICAN ^GERID^, WITH DE- SCRIPTIONS OF NEW FORMS.
By Henry Edwards.
Bembecia Marginata.
Trochilhmi Marginatum. Harris.
This appears to be one of the most common species of the whole group. It has been taken in abundance near Washington by Mr. H. Schonborn, and again on Long Island by the Rev. G. D. Hulst, the latter gentleman having in print some most in- teresting observations upon its habits. It is undoubtedly refer- able to the genus Bembecia, and bears in many respects a striking resemblance to the European Bembecia hylcsiformis. Our species has been re-described by Prof Riley as Troch. ritbi, and by Mr YixA^'i 2JS, Sesia flavipes. The synonomy should stand thus :
53
Bembecia {Trochilhun marginatum) Marginata. Harris.
Trochiliuin Rubi. Riley.
Sesia Flavipes. Hidst. Bull. Brooklyn Ent. Soc.
Trochilium Caudatum. Harris.
A <5 in the collection of Prof. C. V. Riley has the trans- parent space of forewings exceedingly small, consisting only of two longitudinal streaks along the sides of the median nervule. The antennae are bright orange. This singular species should form the type of a new genus, for which I propose the name of Alcathoe. It may be readily separated by the caudal appen- dage of the $, which is as long as the abdomen, the forewings of this sex being partly transparent, while those of the ? are wholly opaque, resembling the genus Sciapteron. The hind tibiae are furnished with a large bunch of hairs as in Melittia.
Trochilium Syringe. Harris.
This species has been re-described by Herr Moschler in Stett. Entom. Zeitung, 1876, p. 311, as Grotea longipes. Herr Moschler writes me that it certainly forms the type of a distinct genus, and that he has elsewhere referred it to Podosesia.
Trochilium Tibiale. Harris.
? . In this sex, which appears to have been unknown to Harris, the antennae are without pectinations, and are much thickened towards their apical half. The bands of the abdomen are narrower, only covering half the segments in 3, 5, 6, 7. In all other respects it resembles the <5 . Montreal, Canada, Mr. G. J. Bowles.
Exp. wings, 35 mm. Length of body, 20 mm. - Melittia Snowii. n. s.
Allied to M. cucurbitce, Harris, but smaller, and singularly unlike in color. Head above, thorax, base of abdomen and upper side of forewings, pale fawn drab. Palpi, collar, pectus, fore coxae and outer edge of tibiae sordid white. Antennae dull brown. Dorsal portion of abdomen dull brown, sides dirty orange, and lower portion sordid white. The hairs on the hind tibiae are black inwardly, with a few bluish scales. Hind tarsi clear white. Abdominal margin of hind wings dull testaceous. Fringes of both, fawn drab. Beneath, the forewings are dull yel- lowish, darker at posterior margin. Hind wings with the ab- dominal margin of a brighter yellow shade than above.
Exp. wings, 22 mm. Length of body, 12 mm.
2 $ , Kansas, Prof. Snow, to whom I regardfully dedicate this very interesting species.
Melittia Amgena. n. sp.
Head black in front, with a few bluish scales. Palpi above orange, beneath white, terminal joint black within. Eyes dull orange, with the orbits clear white. Antennae bluish black. Thorax dull bronze black, with the collar pale dull greenish, and
54
the long hairs on the sides sordid white, with dull greenish re- flection. Abdomen black, with purplish reflection ; posterior edges of the segments narrowly greenish white. Caudal tuft orange-brown, with black hairs. Bands on the lower side of ab- domen a little wider than above. Fore coxae black, with orange scales. Middle and hind coxae black, edged with whitish. Fore and middle tibiae rich orange exteriorly; black within. Bunch of hairs on hind tibiae rich orange, with a few white scales inter- mixed ; black within. All the tarsi are black. Fore wings purp- lish black, covered with bright metallic green scales, less visible below. Fringes of both wings, brownish-black.
Exp. wings, 27 mm. Length of body, 16 mm.
I $ , Douglas Co., Kansas, 900 feet. Prof. Snow.
SCIAPTERON ADMIRANDUS. n. sp.
Head with orange hairs between the eyes, the orbits of which are white. Palpi orange, antennae chestnut-brown. Thorax dull brown, with narrow lemon-yellow streaks at base and on the sides, below the base of the wings. In front of the junction of the wings is a deep orange patch. Collar and a broad patch be- hind it lemon-yellow. Abdomen with two basal segments brown- ish-black ; 3d, bright lemon-yellow ; 4th, deep orange ; 5th, lemon- yellow ; 6th, 7th and 8th, deep orange, edged posteriorly with lemon yellow. The posterior edges of 3d, 4th and 5th are purp- lish-black. The same colors extend beneath the abdomen. Caudal tuft, dull brown. Legs wholly deep orange. . Forewings brown, with golden reflection ; at their base a bright lemon-yellow spot. Hind wings with posterior margin of brown scales, which also extend along the median nervule to the posterior extremity of cell. Base and abdominal margin, rich deep orange. The vitreous disc is very opalescent. Fringes coppery brown. Be- neath, the forewings have the base bright lemon-yellow, and the abdominal margins of the hind wings are bright orange.
Exp. wings, 32 mm. Length of body, 18 mm.
I (5, Texas (J. Boll). Kindly added to my collection by my friend, Mr. O. Meske, of Albany.
Harmonia. n. genus.
Head free, as wide at base as at thorax. Palpi very long, sparsely clothed with hairs, terminal article twice the length of the rest. Antennae slightly thickened towards the apex, with double row of very fine serrations. Thorax with long hairs at the sides. Abdomen long, narrow, the four posterior segments with lateral, broadly-spreading, fan-shaped scales. Caudal tuft unusually long and broad, divided in the centre and spreading. Fore tibiae flattened, with the hairs very long beneath. Hind tibiae also very long, reaching beyond the abdomen, and densely clothed with hairs. Forewings opaque. Hind wings vitreous, with large discal mark at the end of cell. In addition to the present tpecies, this genus includes ^geria pini. Kellicott.
55
V Harmonia Morrisoni. n. sp.
Head and thorax deep black, the latter with some pale yel- low scales thinly scattered above and below. Palpi pale yellow at base, black towards terminal half. Antennae bluish black at base and apical fourth ; the middle straw color, wholly orange- brown beneath. Abdomen and caudal tuft wholly bluish-black above and below. Legs wholly bluish-black, except the tibiae, which are pale straw color. Forewings golden-brown with pur- plish gloss, lightest toward posterior margin. Discal mark bright orange. Fringes of both wings bright golden-brown. Beneath the margins and base of forewings are straw color, discal mark as on upper side. The discal streak of hind wings is also edged with orange, i $, Montana Terr. Mr. H. K. Morrison, to whom I have much pleasure in dedicating the species,
Exp. wings 24 mm. Length of body, 18 mm.
Type. Coll. Hy. Edwards. , Albuna denotata, n. sp.
$ . Head black, with straw-colored line at base. Orbits of eyes, clear white. Antennae brown above, bright orange beneath. Palpi black, straw color in front and at the tip. Thorax black, with double pale yellow spot at the sides. Abdomen black, with 3d, 5th, 7th and 8th segments rather broadly banded with straw yellow, the band continued beneath. Caudal tuft narrow and pointed (as in all the genus), black, with few yellow hairs. Thorax beneath with pale yellow spots at the base of the legs and of the wings. Coxae and femora wholly black, with bluish reflection. Tibiae and tarsi bright orange, with a few black hairs sprinkled over the latter. The forewings, with the exception of a vitreous streak above median nervule, are covered with golden-brown scales. Internal margin fiery red, with a bright pale yellow spot on the extreme base. Discal mark obscured. Hind wings vit- reous, with discal mark bright coppery brown. Beneath both wings are golden-streaked ; discal mark of superior pair distinct, bright orange,
Exp. wings, 26 mm.
? . Same as S , with the antennae simple, and the vitreous streak of forewings less apparent.
1^2?. Montana Terr. H. K. Morrison.
Types. Coll. Hy. Edwards. • ^GERIA EXITIOSA. n. var. FiTCHII.
I apply this name to the form of the ? , in which the 4th seg- ment of the abdomen only is deep orange, and in which " the space between the two inner veins of the hind wings is nearly, or quite, covered with blue-black scales, forming a stripe which divides the transparent disc into two parts." Fitch, Noxious Insects, Pt. 1, page 116.
In roots of wild cherry. Tallahassee, Florida. (A. Koebele.) W. Virginia. (T. L. Mead.)
56
^GERIA TECTA. n. sp.
Head jet black, with some white scales at the base of the eyes and between the antennae. Palpi very pale yellow, with the last article black. Antennae blue black above, castaneous beneath. Thorax with narrow buff lines on sides and at base. Abdomen with narrow buff band on basal segment, a wider on the 2d, none on the 3d or 5th, a very wide one on 4th, and narrow on 6th and 7th. These bands are repeated on the under side. Caudal tuft, bluish-black above, with some pale buff hairs beneath. Fore- wings with costal and posterior margins, bronze black, internal margin very pale yellow for its basal two-thirds. The discal mark is bronze brown, with the posterior edge orange. The transparent space between the cell is very large, much larger than in ^g, tipidiformis, and allied species, thus leaving the pos- terior margin very narrow. The margins of secondaries are also very narrow, that of the costa being very pale yellow. On the underside of forewings is a bright purplish reflection, not visible above, the margins and nervures being all pale yellow, except on posterior margins, where they are bronze black. Hind wings as on upper side. The legs are blue black, banded with very pale yellow. 2 $. Prescott, Arizona. J.Doll.
Exp. wings 16 mm.
Types, Coll. B. Neumoegen.
, .^GERIA HENSHAWII. n. sp.
Closely allied to ^g. fuknpcs, Harris, of which it may be an extreme variety. It differs, however, from that species, in the following particulars : The abdomen is wholly black ; the base of the fore wings has a fiery red spot, the discal mark is edged posteriorly with fiery red, and beneath, the costal margin for its apical half, and the margins of the discal mark are of the same color. In other respects it is the same as yEg. fulvipes.
Exp. wings, 22 mm.
I?. Mingan Island, Labrador, Mr. S. H. Henshaw, who has kindly aided my labors in this difficult group, and to whom I dedicate this pretty species.
vEgeria asiliformis. Rott.
Specimens of this species, exactly agreeing with European examples, have been taken at Walpole, Mass., by Miss C. Guild ; at Winchester, Mass., by Mr. R. Thaxter, and at Cambridge, Mass., by Mr. P. R. Uhler. These are preserved in the collection of the Boston Soc. Nat. History (Nos. 1341, 1342).
^GERIA TIPULIFORMIS. L.
In some specimens from Ohio, the vitreous spaces are some- what larger than in the European form, the color is more intense black, the caudal tuft beneath has a larger proportion of yellow, and the insect has generally a more delicate appearance. These may prove to belong to a distinct species.
^GERIA QUINQUECAUDATA. Ridings.
57
?. The type of this species was a. S . I think the present is the first descriptive notice of the other sex. The forewings are greenish black, with metallic reflection, purplish at the posterior margin. Hind wings dull black, opaque, except at the base, which is more or less transparent. Fringes of both wings brown black. Under side of wings wholly purplish black, nervules with a greenish shade. Antennae and head dull black. Thorax green- ish black, with the tegulae deep orange in front. Abdomen steel black, with the 4th segment wholly deep orange. The "tails," so characteristic of the 6 , are are wanting in this sex. The palpi are deep orange below, bluish above. Legs and under side wholly greenish black.
Exp. wings 26 mm.
2 ?. Georgia. H.K.Morrison.
Types. Coll. E. L. Graef. F. Tepper.
This singular form is certainly not congeneric with y^geria acemi, AL.pyri, etc., the abdominal appendages of the <^, and the opacity of the forewings serving to distinguish it. I propose for it the generic name of SOSPITA.
THE LIFE-HISTORY OF EUSTROTIA CARNEOLA,
GUENEE. By D. W. Coquillett.
Egg. — Button-shaped, grooved vertically, pale yellowish white ; in the centre of the upper side is a reddish dot, and a short distance outside of this is a reddish circle ; transverse diameter about y^ mm.
Larva. — First stage. — Body green, marked with a subdorsal white line and a stigmatal white stripe ; piliferous spots obsolete ; head and venter green, unmarked ; sixteen legs ;* length 10 mm.
Second stage. — Same as in the first, except that there is a white dorsal line and the piliferous spots are white ; length 13 mm.
Third and last stage. — Body green, sometimes tinged with pink ; sutures of the segments sometimes yellow or brown ; a white dorsaUine usually edged with black; a white subdorsal line and a white stigmatal stripe ; subdorsal surface sometimes tinged with black or purple ; spiracles white, ringed with brown or black ; head and venter green, unmarked ; length 19 mm.
*Dr. Packard, in his " Guide to tbe Study of Insects" (p. 316), erroneously says that the larvae of Erastria {EusUotia) have only three pairs of abdominal legs.
5«
Chrysalis. — Of the usual shape, poHshed yellowish brown ; posterior end quite robust, terminates in two short hooks ; length 9 mm.
The lighter colored larvze closely resemble those of Telesilla cinereola, Guenee, which I have bred from ragweed {Ambrosia arteniisicefolid), and from burdock {Lappa officinalis). The last named larvae never have the body tinged with black or purple, and the dorsal space is tinged more or less with white. But the greatest difference between these two larvae is in the markings on the head ; for while in carneola the head is unmarked, in cinereola it is marked with an inverted v-shaped white mark on the face, and a white dash on each side. The larva of Hypcna scabra, Fabricius, which feeds upon clover, closely resembles that of car- neola, but is readily distinguished from it by having only three pairs of abdominal legs, carneola having four pairs.
The food plants of this species are yellow dock {Rwnex), smartweed {Polygonum pensylvaniciim), and probably golden-rod {Solidago). I have bred the moths from larv?e found feeding upon the two first mentioned plants, and have found upon a golden- rod a larva not differing very much from the above.
The eggs are deposited either singly or in clusters of from two to four, and in midsummer hatch out in about four days. When jarred from their perch the young larvae hang suspended by a silken thread. When fully grown, they enter the earth and each one forms an oval cavity, in which it spins a thin cocoon. The length of time which they spend in their different stages varies, but is about as follows : First stage, lo days ; second stage, 2 days ; third stage, to entering the earth, 4 days ; enter- ing the earth to imago, 12 to 16 days — completing the cycle from ^ZZ ^o imago in about five weeks.
Two broods are produced in one season, the imagos of the first brood appearing during the month of July and early in August, those of the second brood passing the winter in the chrysalis state and issuing throughout the month of May of the following year.
FOOD PLANTS OF TELEA POLYPHEMUS IN THE COUNTY OF YORK, ONTARIO.
[From a paper read before the Natural History Society of Toronto, by W. Brodie.]
Riley, in his Missouri report for 1871, gives a list of 19 food plants ; 10 of these, although found here, are not on my list. These 10, with my list, give a total of 49 species.
59
ORDER, TILIACE^.
Tilia Americana Linn.
Tilia Europcea Linn.
ORDER, ROSACEiE.
Cra/aegus coccinea Linn.
" tomentosa Linn.
" crux-^alli Linn.
Amelanchier Canadensis Torr «& Gray.
ORDER, GROSSULACE.E. Ribes cynobati Linn.
ORDER, HAMAMELIDACEiE.
Hamamelis Virginica Linn
ORDER, CUPULIKERiE.
Quercus alba Linn.
" macrocarpa Michx.
" rubra Linn,
Corylus Americana Walt.
Corylus rostrata Ait.
Fagus ferruginea Ait.
Carpinus Americana Michx.
Ostrya Virginica Willd.
ORDER, JUGLANDACE^.
Carya tomentosa Nutt,
" amara Nutt.
" alba Nult.
ORDER, BETULACE^.
Betula lenta ... Linn.
" excelsa Linn.
" alba Spach.
" papyracea Ait.
Alnus incana Willd.
" serrulata Ait.
ORDER, SALICACE.(E.
Salix alba Linn.
" humilis Marshal.
Populus grandidentata Michx.
" tremuloides Michx.
6o
Cocoons constructed on thorn trees usually hang during the winter ; the petioles being short, several strands of silk are firmly attached to the twigs. In a few cases I have noticed the twig and petioles coated with silk approaching the habit of C. prome- thea.
Cocoons spun by larvae, fed on basswood, oak or birch, are usually large and the silk of superior quality.
In long and warm seasons about 50 per cent, are double- brooded, but this is against the increase of the species, as cold weather usually sets in before the larvae are fully matured.
DESCRIPTION OF A NEW HYPERCHIRIA FROM
ARIZONA.
By B. Neumoegen.
HYPERCHIRIA PaMINA. n. sp.
$. Antennae dark luteous. Head and thorax light olive color. Patagiae with light yellow tuft at the end. Primaries falcate, light olive, somewhat darker at base, but lighter along exterior margin. An irregular, transverse yellowish line, with anterior brownish border from very near apex to the centre of interior margin. An irregular square discal blotch of olive color, with dark dots at the intersection of nerves. A white testaceous lateral line at thorax, between the base of costa and base of interior margin.
Secondaries very light olive color. The ocellus blackish blue with white centre, sprinkled with bluish dust. An irregular semi-circular black line, from costa to and partly along abdominal margin, enclosing the ocellus. The field enclosed by this line, of bright, light yellow color, somewhat fading towards base. In the space between this line and exterior margin, and running parallel to both, a purplish, rose-colored, irregular band termi- nating very near anal curve. A conspicuous, bright rose-colored tuft from base, along abdominal margin, fading toward the centre and anal curve. Abdomen fawn drab, with bright rose-colored segmentary bands.
Beneath, primaries and secondaries fawn drab. The trans- verse line of primaries of purplish rose tint, the interspace be- tween this line and base being likewise of a lighter purplish rose, fading towards costa. Discal spot conspicuous, black with white central dot. A white discal spot on secondaries and indi- cations in purplish rose-color on the same, of the semi-circular line and its parallel band.
? . Of a lighter olive tinge. The ocellus and its white centre on secondaries more pronounced than in $ .
6i
Beneath, on secondaries a purplish line, not exactly following the course of the semi-circular line on upper surface, but curving into an undulated line below discal spot, and terminating in the centre of abdominal margin, thus assuming somewhat the shape of an interrogation sign. In other respects agreeing with $ .
Some of the examples vary from drab fawn to true olive color.
Var. Aurosea.
This is a splendid variation of the above described insect, the head, thorax and primaries being of a golden yellow color, with sprinkling of light rose-colored dust ; the tuft, along abdominal margin of secondaries, of bright rose-color, and the parallel band between the black semi-circular line and exterior margin of bright purplish red.
Expanse of $, 2^-3 inches; ?, 3-3^ inches.
Length of body of $, %-}i inches; ?, i-i>^ inches.
Habitat, Prescott, Arizona.
Caught and raised by Mr. J. Doll. A description of the larva and it moults will be given in one the ensuing numbers.
This wonderful insect can proudly rank, in regard to beauty^ with any of its relations of tropical America.
As Felder, Walker, Westwood and others have described various species of Hyperchiria from Mexico and adjacent countries, I hesitated with the description of H. Pamina, for fear of creating a synonym. I finally applied to the kindness of Mr. H. Strecker, who has extensive working material on hand, and he returned H. Pamina to me as "new."
ON THE EARLY STAGES OF TWO PLUME-MOTHS.
By D. W. Coquillett.
CEdematophorus inquinatus, Zeller. — Larva. — Body green, sparsely covered with raised white dots ; warts concolor- ous, each bearing from two to six stiff, curved, diverging white bristles of different lengths ; spiracles raised, whitish ; head par- tially retractile into segment one, green, tinged with brown and marked on each side with a black spot above the jaws ; venter green, unmarked; length 12 mm. Two specimens. Lives on Ambrosia artemismfolia. One pupated July 27, producing the imago August 3 ; the other pupated July 30 and the imago emerged August 6.
Chrysalis. — Of the usual shape, pale ash color, marked with a large pink spot near the middle of the upper side ; on this spot is large brownish-black spot ; length 7 mm. The chrysalis is fastened by its posterior end to the upper side of some object.
62.
from which it stands in a oblique direction, the abdomen being sHghtly curved.
LlOPTlLUS HOMODACTYLUS, Walker. — Larva. — Body green ; a dorsal white line, and a short distance each side of this is a faint whitish stripe ; a broken subdorsal whitish line, and sometimes a similar stigmatal one ; warts concolorous, and from each issues a spreading cluster of six or more whitish hairs ; segment one projects slightly over the head ; head and venter green ; length 14 mm. Feeds on Solidago Missouriensis. Three specimens; very sluggish. One pupated June 15, producing imago June 28.
Chrysalis. — Of the usual shape, white, tinged in places with green, quite thickly covered with white piliferous spots, each bear- ing one or two white bristles; length 10 mm. The chrysalis is fastened ventrally to one side of some vertical object.
For the determination of the above species I am indebted to Mr. Chas. Fish.
NOVA SPECIES GENERIS CERATOCAMPA.
By D. H. Weyenberg, Cordova, Buenos Ayres.
C. VOGLERI. n. sp.
Alae anteriores subfuscae-subolivaceae maculis albis ellipticis, in margine externo triangularibus alae posteriores flavse, speculo centrali sanguineo, fascia nigra ad marginem externum emanans. Collo axillisque sanguineis.
Thorax lineis duabus parallelibus albis ornatis nee non pleurae linea curva alba; abdomen subfuscum articulationibus sanguineis et linea laterali alba; pedibus subfuscis.
Alarum expansio 9 centim. Corporis longit. 4, 5 centim. — Habitat, Cordova.
Cordova, Argent., 1881.
NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA.
COTTON-WORM MoTH. — The Moth of the Southern "Cotton Worm " {Aletia argillaceci) has occurred in this county in immense numbers during the past fall. I first met with it September 12
on the shore of Lake Ontario, a few miles west of Charlotte. The bodies of the dead and dying insects formed quite a perceptible ridge along the water line, while among the debris, just out of reach of the waves, thousands had crawled and were drying their wings on the sticks and stones ; a great many other insects of all orders were also present (apparently overtaken and drowned by a violent storm that occurred the night before), but Argillacea outnumbered the whole by more than a hundred to one.
A few days later Argillacea appeared in profusion in the orchards and gardens in the district. The insect is said to be in- jurious to peaches in the South ; it is interesting to know that here in the North it still retains its hking for that fruit. I cap- tured thirty-two individuals one evening on four bruised peaches, and I also found it in abundance sucking the juices from ripe pears ; hundreds could be shaken from grape vines during the day time ; the proprietor of a vineyard in the neighborhood assured me that they severely injured his grape crop by sucking the ripe fruit. I met with it every mild evening until December. Even at this late date their fondness for fruit was indicated, as I found them on rotten apples. — David Bruce, Brockport, N. Y.
Early Butterflies in California. — In a letter recently received from Mr. M. G. Wright, of San Bernardino, California. He says : " The season opened here very finely. On February 5th I took twenty-seven examples of Lepidoptera ; February I2th, three examples ; February 20th, thirty-two examples; March 1st, eighty-three examples ; March 5th, fifty-six examples ; March loth, seventeen examples. Since this date the weather has been very cold and wet, so that I have taken very little."
Xylina cinerea.
If Professor Riley will refer to Bulletin U. S. Geolog. and Geogr. Survey of the Territories, vol. v., p. 201, he will find why Professor Grote regards X. Cinerea as=X. Anten7iata, Wlk. This paper was possibly overlooked by the authors of the Brook- lyn Check List. I will add that the Noctuids which I took with me to Europe for comparison were sent to me for that purpose by Prof. Lintner. I have long been familiar with X. Cinerea, and the specimen sent to me by Prof. Lintner was in good condition, as was also the type of X. Antennata. I compared them carefully, and there is no doubt of their identity. — C. H. Fernald, Orono, Me.
64
ILLUSTRATIONS OF NOCTUID^. (Plate I., Vol. 2).
By A. R. Grote.
On the accompanying Plate I. figures i and 2 represent Rho- dodipsa Miniana, which was discovered by Prof. Snow in Northern New Mexico, and described by myself in " Papilio " for October of last year. This species is one of a number of pretty Helio- thid forms in which our Western Noctuid fauna is so rich. Fig- ures 3 and 3« represent Gortyna Rigida,"^ Grote, an Eastern species collected by Mr. Thaxter in Massachusetts, who kindly sent me the male here represented. I have restored to this genus the term Gortyna, not using this name in the restricted sense in which Lederer employs it, viz., for the European Flavago, ^hxch. has the clypeus mucronate, and should be referred to Ochria. A syn- onymical note upon the use of Gortyna will by found on page 37 of my "Check List." Figure 3 represents the side view of Gor- tyna Rig zda, showing the thoracic tuftings, which are important in classifying the NoctiiidcB. Figure 4 represents Schinea biixea, described by myself in the " Canadian Entomologist," and received from Texas by Mr. B. Neumoegen.
♦Erroneously printed "Rifida" in the plate.
Errata in Prof. Riley's Communication in the March Number. — Page 44, line 4, omit the third comma ; same page, line 7, for "Danopolis" read "DemopoHs ; " same page, lines 29 and 31, for "Synonym" read "Synonymy."
PapilioJ/o[II^
Plate
v^:'>a
i
^^^:fm
Clemenl pinxil
MiUol sculp.
1.2 Miniana_3 3* Ritula_tt Buxea
PAPILIO.
Prgan of tl^e |iew Jork pntomological piub.
Vol. 2.]
May, 1882.
[No. 5
LIST OF LEPIDOPTERA TAKEN IN AND AROUND
DAYTON, O.
By G. R. Pilate. Species marked thus * have not been taken by myself; f. p. — food plant.
RHOPHALOCERA.
DIURN^.
Food
1 Papilio Turnus, common.
plant, Tulip tree.
2 " Turnus, s var. Glaucus, not rare, f. p. Tulip tree,
Ajax, common, f. p. Pa- paw.
Ajax, var. Tclamonides, common, Papaw.
Ajax, var. Marcellus, com- mon, f. p. Papaw.
Asterias, common, f. Umbelliferae.
Troilus, common, f. Sassafras.
Cresphontes, not rare, f. Prickly Ash. 9 " Philenor, common, f. Virginia Snakeroot.
10 Pieris Protodice, common.
11 " " var. Vernalis,
common in spring.
12 " Rapse, common, f. p. bage. Nasturtium Mignionette.
Philodice, common,
Red Clover. Philodice $ var. Alba, not
rare. Eurytheme, one ? Lisa, two or three every
season.
13 Colias
14 "
15* " 16 Terias
Cab- and
f. p.
17 Terias Nicippe, common, f. p. Cas-
sia Mar3'landica, L.
18 Danais Archippus, common, f. p.
different species of As- clepias.
19 Argynnis Cybele, common.
20 " Myrina, a few every sea-
son.
21 " Bellona, common.
22 Euptoieta Claudia, two or three
ever)' season.
23 Phyciodes Nycteis, common, f. p.
Actinomeris Helian- thoides.
24 " Tharos, common.
25 " " var. Marcia, com-
mon.
26 Grapta Interrogationis, common, f.
p. Elm and Celtis.
27 " Interrogationis, var., Um-
brosa, common, f. p. Elm and Celtis.
28 " Comma, not common, f. p.
Nettles,
29 " Comma var. Dryas, not
common, f. p. Nettles,
30 Vanessa Antiopa, common, f. p.
Elm and Willow. 31* " Antiopa, Ab. Lintneri,
only one, f. p. Willow. 32 Pj'rameis Ataianta, common, f. p.
Nettles,
66
33 " Cardui, common, f. p.
Thistles.
34 " Huntera, not common, f.
p. Echium Vulgare-L.
35 Junonia Coenia, common in i8So,
rare before and alter.
36 Limenitis Ursula, common, but
hard to catch.
37 " Disippus, common, f. p.
Willow, Cotton-wood.
38 Apatura Celtis, common, f. p.
Celtis. 3Q " Cl)'ton, rare, f. p. Celtis.
40 Neon3^mpha Eur3'tris, common.
41 " Canthus, rare, only two
taken.
42 Debis Portlandia, rare, only four
taken.
43 Libythea Bachmanai, not common,
f. p. Celtis.
44 Thecla M-Album, rare, one S
in 1880.
45 " Hamuli, rare, five taken
in 18S0.
46 " Calanus, common, f. p.
Oak. J7 Feniseca Tarquinius, rare, one $ .
48 Chrj'sophanus Thoe. common, f. p.
Rumex Britannica.
49 " Americana, rare, six speci-
mens taken.
50 Lycaena Pseudargiolus, rare.
51 " " var. Neg-
lecta, common.
5i«L3rcaena var. violacea, not rare in early spring.
52 Lycaena Comyntas, common.
53 Ancyloxypha Numitor, common.
54 Pamphila Hobomok, common.
55 " Zabulon, common.
56 " " ? var. Pocahon-
tas, not rare.
57 " Campestris, common in
1880, rare before and after.
58 " Huron, one $ .
59 " Phylaeus, rare, six $,
one ? . 60* " Pontiac, rare, two speci- mens.
61 " Egeremet, not ver}^ com-
mon.
62 " Peckius, very common.
63 " Cernes, very common.
64 " Metacomet, rare.
65 " Verna, rare.
66 Amblyscirtes Vialis, rare.
67 Thanaos Brizo, common in one
localit3^ 68* " Juvenalis, rare.
69 Pholisora Catullus, common.
70 Eudamus Pylades, common.
71 " L3'cidas, rare, never taken
till last season.
72 " Tityrus, common, f. p.
Locust.
HETEROCERA.
SPHINGID^.
73 Smerinthus Modestus, rare, S and
?.
74 " Juglandis, rare, S and $.
75 " Geminatus, common f p.
Willow.
76 " Geminatus, var. Jamaicen-
sis, rare, f. p. Willow.
77 " Excjecatus, common, f. p.
Wild Apple.
78 Ceratomia Amyntor, not rare, f. p.
Elm and Linden.
79 Daremma Undulosa, rare, one S • 8o*Sphinx Rustica, rare, one S •
81 " Carolina, common, f, p.
Tobacco.
82 " Celeus, common, f. p. To
mato.
83 " Eremitus, rare, one ^ .
84 " PI Ota, (Canadensis), rare
two examples.
85 " Chersis, rrae, one $ .
86*Sphinx Jasminearum, rare, one $ .
87 " H3'laeus, common, f. p.
Papaw.
88 " Plebeia, rare.
89 Anceryx Ello, rare, one $ .
90 Deilephila Lineata, common, f. p.
Epilobium Coloratum.
91 Philampelus Pandorus, not rare,
f. p. Grape and Five- eaved Ivy.
92 Darapsa Myron, common, f. p.
Grape and Five-leaved Ivy.
93 Choerocampa Tersa, rare. 94*Deidamia Inscripta, rare, S ? •
95 Amphion Nessus, rare, f. p. Epi-
lobium Coloratum.
96 Thyreus Abbotii, common, f. p.
Grape.
97 Macroglossa Marginalis, common,
f. p. various species of Hone3'suckle.
67
q8 Macroglossa Thysbe, rare. 98" " tenuis, rare, 3 specimens, f. p. Coral Honeysuckle.
.«GERIAD.«. 99 Melittia Cucurbitae, rare, (J and?. 100 .iEgeria Lustrans, common in one
locality. loi " Pictipes, common, f. p. wild and cultivated Cherr}^.
102 " Acerni, common, f. p.
Maple.
103 " Pyralidiformis, rare.
THYRID.'E.
i03rtThyris Maculata, rare.
ZYG^NID^.
i04*Psychomorpha Epimenis, rare, one example.
105 Eudryas Grata, rare, f. p. Grape.
106 " Unio, common, f. p. Epi-
lobium Coloratum.
107 Scepsis Fulvicollis, common.
108 Harrisina Americana, rare, f. p.
Grape.
109 Pyromorpha Dimidiata, rare, three
S.
LITHOSID^ AND BOMBYCID^. no Hypoprepia Fucosa, common. ilCjEuphanessa Mendica.
111 Crocota Rubicundaria, rare.
112 " Quinaria, rare.
113 " Ferruginosa, rare.
114 Deiopeia Bella, common in 1880,
rare in other seasons.
115 " Bella, var. Speciosa, three
examples.
116 Callimorpha Leconti, rare.
117 " '' var., ? one
example. ri8 " Interruptomarginata, com- mon.
119 Arctia Nais, common.
120 " " var. Decorata, two ? . 121* " Virgo, rare.
122* " Saundt-rsii, rare, S ? •
123 Pyrrharctia Isabella, common, feeds
on anything.
124 Spilosoma Acrsea, common, feeds
on anything.
125 " Virginica, common, feeds
on anything.
126 " Lalipennis, rare, one (^ .
127 Hyphantria Cunea, common, feeds
on anything.
128 " Cunea, var. Textor, com-
mon, feeds on anything.
129 Ecpantheria Scribonia, rare, five
specimens.
130 Euchaetes Egle, common, f. p.
Asclepias Cornuti, D. C.
131 Euchaetes Collaris, common, f. p.
Asclepias Incarnata-L.
132 Halesidota Tessellaris, common, f.
p. Sycamore.
133 " Carvse, rare, two batches
of larvae on Hickory and Ash.
134 Orgyia Leucostigma, common f,
p. trees of all kinds.
135 EucleaQuerciola, rare, one ^,
Honey Locust.
136 Parasa Chloris, not common, f. p.
Rose and Papaw.
137 Adoneta Spinuloides, rare, one ^,
f. p. Honey Locust.
138 Thyridopteryx Ephemerseformis,
common, f. p. any kind of tree.
139 Lacosoma Chiridota, rare, one $
in collection Strecker.
140 Clostera Inclusa, common, f. p.
Willow and Elm.
141 ApatelodesTorrefacta, rare, one $,
f. p. Papaw.
142 " Angelica, rare, one $,
143 Datana Ministra, common, f. p.
Linden, Elm.
144 " Integerrima, common, f. p.
Walnut.
145 Nadata Gibbosa, not common, f. p.
Oak and Maple.
146 Gluphisia Trilineata, rare, two ex-
amples.
147 Nerice Bidentata, rare, f. p. Elm.
148 Coelodasys Unicornis, common, f.
p. Honey Locust.
149 " Leptinoides, rare, f. p.
Walnut.
150 " Biuutiata, rare, f. p. Honey
Locust.
151 Heterocampa Marthesia, rare, one
^ , f. p. Oak.
152 " Marina, larvae common on
Sycamore, but very hard to rear.
153 " Manteo, rare, one ? .
154 Cerura Cinerea, larvje common on
Willow, but hard to rear.
155 Telea Polyphemus, common, f. p.
Oak, Linden, Rose and Maple.
156 Actias Luna, common, f. p. Wal-
nut.
157 Attacus Cynthia.
158 Callosamia Promethea, common,
f. p. Wild Cherry, Sassa- fras and Tulip Tree.
159 Samia Cecropia, common, f. p.
Linden, Apple, Maple.
160 Hyperchiria lo, common, f. p.
Ash, Willow, Red Clo- ver.
68
161 Hemileuca Maia, common, f. p.
Willow.
162 Dryocampa Imperialis, not rare, f.
p. Sycamore.
163 Ceratocampa Regalis, rare, f. p.
Hickory, Walnut.
164 Adelocephala Bicolor, not rare, f.
p. Honey Locust.
165 Anisota Bisecta, rare, two S , i- P.
Honey Locust.
166 " Pellucida, rare, one ? .
167 " Rubicunda, rare, three (5,
one $ .
168 Gastropacha Americana, rare, three
9 , f. p. Celtis.
169 Heteropacha Rileyana, common, f.
p. Honey Locust.
170 Cossus Robiniae, common, but not
easily obtained, f, p. Black Locust.
NOCTUID^.
171 Pseudothyatira Expultrix, two spec-
imens at sugar.
172 Diphthera Fallax, one specimen at
sugar.
173 Acronycta Occidentalis, not com-
mon.
174 " Morula, rare, at sugar.
175 " Lobelise,common, at sugar.
176 " Radcliffei, one specimen
at sugar.
177 " Connecta, rare, f. p. Wil-
low. 178* " Furcifera, one example.
179 " Americana, not common,
f. p. Maple.
180 " Rubricoma, not rare, f. p.
Celtis.
181 " Luteicoma, one example
at sugar.
182 " Noctivaga, not common,
at sugar.
183 " Afflicta, rare, at sugar.
184 " Clarescens, very common,
at sugar.
185 " Hamamel is, rare, at sugar.
186 " Dissecta, rare, at sugar.
187 " Exilis, rare, at sugar.
188 " Oblinita, common, f. p.
Willow and almost any- thing.
189 Bryophila (Jaspidea) Lepidula, rare,
at sugar.
190 " Palliatricula, one ? .
191 " Teratophora, two exam-
ples. 192* " Hebraicum, one example.
193 Microcselia Diphteroides, rare, at
sugar.
194 " Obliterata, common, at
sugar.
195 Agrotis C-Nigrum, common. 196* " Bicarnea, one example.
197 " Tricosa common.
198 " Herilis, common. 198'* " Subgothica, common, igg " Plecta, rare.
200 " Cupida, rare, at sugar.
201 " Alternata, not very rare, at
sugar.
202 " Brunneicollis, not very
rare, at sugar.
203 " Clandestina, common, at
sugar.
204 " Lubricans, rare, at sugar,
205 " Messoria, common.
206 " Friabilis, one example, at
sugar.
207 " Annexa, rare, at sugar.
208 " • Ypsilon, common.
209 " Saucia, common.
210 Mamestra Latex, rare, one $ , at
sugar.
211 " Adjuncta, not common,
at flowers. 2X2 " Legitima, not common, at flowers.
213 " (Ceramica) Picta, not rare,
f. p. Willow.
214 " Grandis, rare, one exam-
ple, at sugar.
215 " Subjuncta, not common,
at blossoms.
216 " Confusa, rare.
217 " Trifolii, common, at flow-
ers.
218 " Renigera, very common.
219 " Detracta, common.
220 " Laudabilis, rare, seven
examples in 1881, at rest.
221 " (Dianthcecia) Meditata,
common, at flowers in the fall.
222 " Lorea, common, at sugar.
223 Oncocnemis Saundersiana, two ex-
amples, at flowers.
224 Chytonix Jaspis, one ? , at sugar.
225 Hadena Passer, two S , at sugar.
226 " Devastatrix, common, at
flowers.
227 " Arctica, three examples, at
sugar.
228 " Sputatrix, not common, at
flowers.
229 " Apamiformis, one S, at
sugar.
230 " Lignicolor, common, at
sugar.
231 " Vulgaris, rare, at sugar.
232 " Miselioides, not common,
at sugar.
233 " Chlorostigma, two ^, at
sugar.
69
234 Hadena Modica, common, at sugar.
235 " Vulgivag-a, one ?, at sugar.
236 " Rasilis, rare, at sugar. 236^' " sp. ? rare.
237 Homohadena Badistriga, larva
common on coral honeysuckle, but nearly always ichneumonized.
238 Dipterygia Scabriuscula, common,
239 Hyppa X3-linoides, not very com-
mon.
240 Laphygma Frugiperda, one ^ , at
sugar.
241 Prodenia Flavimedia, not common,
at sugar.
242 " Lineatella, not common,
at suear.
243 Euplexia Lucipara, two examples,
at sugar.
244 Brotolomia Iris, one S , at sugar.
245 Nephelodes Minians common in
the Fall.
246 HydroeciafGjrtvna) Sera, common,
at sugar.
247 " Nitela, one ? . 248*Achatodes Zese, not common, f. p.
stems of Elder.
249 Scolecocampa Libvrna, common,
lives in rotten wood.
250 Leucania (Heliophila) Harveyi,
rare.
251 " Commoides, common, at
sugar.
252 " Unipuncta, common, at
sugar.
253 " Pseudargyria, common, at
at sugar.
254 Perigea Xanthio\des, common, at
sugar.
255 " Luxa, common, at sugar.
256 Amphipyra Pyramidoides, oon mon,
f. p. Grapes, ]El{», and almost anything.
257 Orthodes Infirma, common, at
sugar.
258 " Cynica, rare, at sugar.
259 Orthosia Ferrugineoides, two ex-
amples.
260 " Helva, common, at sugar.
261 " Lutosa, rare, at sugar.
262 Scopelosoma Walkeri, common, at
sugar-water, in early Spring.
263 Xylina Cinerea, common, at sugar-
water, in early Spring.
264 Cucullia Convexipennis, one $,
265 " Asteroides, Tare.
265 Adipsophanes Miscellus, one $ . 267 Crarabodes Talidiformis, common. 26S Nolophana Malana, common, f. p.
Wild Apple. 269 Aletia Xylina, rare.
270 Ingura Abrostoloides, one ? , at
sugar.
271 " Occulatrix, one $ , at sugar.
272 Telesilla Cinereola, common, at
sugar.
273 Plusiodonta Compressipalpis, com-
mon.
274 Plusia Aerea, not common.
275 " Biloba, rare.
276* " veruca. 2 examples.
277 " Precationis, common,
278 " Brassicse, 2 examples.
279 " Simplex, common.
280 Schinia trifascia, rare.
281 L3rgranthcecia Spraguei, one ex-
ample.
282 Helioihis Armiger, common,
283 Pyrrhia Exprimens, not common.
284 Acontia Candefacta, common.
285 " Aprica, common.
286 " Erastrioides, not rare.
287 Chamyris .Cerintha, common, at
sugar.
288 Erastria Musta, one S, at sugar.
289 " Muscosula, common, at
sugar.
290 " Carneola, common, at su-
gar.
291 " Apicosa, not rare.
292 Spragueia Leo, rare.
293 Galgula Hepara, three examples.
294 " Subpartita, not common.
295 Drasteria Erecthea, very common.
296 " Convalescens, rare.
297 Euclidia Cuspidea, common,
298 Parthenos Nubilis, rare.
299 Catocala Amica, f. p. Oak.
300 " Lineella, common.
301 " Minuta, not common.
302 " " var. Parvula, rare.
303 " Grvnea, common,
304 " Fratercula, rare.
305 " Gisela, two examples.
306 '■ Amasia, rare.
307 " Cordelia, two examples.
308 " Dulciola, rare.
309 " Polvgama, not common,
310 " Polygama, var. Pretiosa,
not common.
311 " " var. CrStaegi,
not common.
312 " Illecta, common in 1880,
rare before and since.
313 " Clinlonii, rare, at sugar,
314 " " var. Helene, one
?
315 " Serena, common, f. p.
Hickory.
316 " Nebulosa, not rare.
317 " Habilis, f. p. Hickory,
318 " " var. Basilis, i $
ex. larva.
70
319 Catocala Innubens, common.
320 " " var. Hinda,
common.
321 " Innubens, var. Scintillans,
not rare.
322 " Paleogama, common.
323 " var. Phalanga, not com-
mon.
324 " Piatrix, not common.
325 " Neogama, common.
326 " Subnata, not common,
327 " Cerogama, not common. 328* " " var. Bunkeri,
rare.
329 " Ilia, common.
330* " Ab, ? two examples, the black bands of second- aries connected.
331 " Parta, not common.
332* " Marmorata, one taken in 1881.
333 " Meskei, two examples in
1880.
334 " Ultronia, common.
335 " " var. Mopsa, com-
mon.
336 " Coccinata, not common.
337 " Amatrix, rare.
338 " Cara, common.
339 " Walshii, two examples in
1880.
340 " Judith, not rare.
341 " Epione, common.
342 " Robinsoni, common, f. p.
Hickory.
343 " Robinsoni, var. Curvata,
two ? .
344 " Retecta, not rare.
345 " Flebilis, common.
346 " Vidua (Desperata), com-
mon. 347* " Viduata, two examples in 1881.
348 " Ulal'ume, rare.
349 " Lachrymosa, rare,
350 " var. Paulina, one $
351 " Obscura common.
352 " Insolabilis, common.
353 " Residua, common.
354 " Angusi, common in 1881,
rare before.
355 " Angusi, var. Lucetta, com-
mon in 1881, rare before.
356 Allotria Elonympha, rare (^ and $ ,
357 SpilolomaLunilinea, common, f. p.
Honey Locust.
358 Panopoda Rufimargo, rare.
359 " Carneicosta, rare.
360 Remigia Hexastylus, rare.
361 " Latipes, rare, one $
362 CelipteraFrustulum, not common.
363 Parallelia Bistriaris, not rare.
364*Agnomonia Anilis, one example.
365 Eutoreuma Tenuis, rare.
366 Zale Horrida, rare.
367 Homoptera Edusa, common.
368 " Saundersii, common.
369 " Lunata, common.
370 Homoptera, sp. ? rare.
371 Ypsia Undularis, rare.
372 Pseudanthroecia Coracias, rare.
373 Phalaenostola Larentioides, rare.
374 Homop}-ralis Tactus, common.
375 " Discalis, common.
376 Pseudoglossa Lubricalis, common.
377 " Denticulalis, rare.
378 Epizeuxis Aemula. common.
379 " Americalis, common,
380 Litognatha Nubilifascia, common.
381 Chytolita Morbidalis, common.
382 " Petrealis, common.
383 Zanclognatha Laevigata, rare.
384 " Ochreipennis, rare.
385 •' Cruralis, rare,
386 " Marcidilinea, rare.
387 Rivula Propinqualis, common.
388 Palthis Angulalis, rare.
389 Phalenophaua Rurigena, common.
390 Renia Discoloralis, common.
391 " Brevirostralis, common.
392 " Flavipunctalis, common.
393 Bleptina Caradrinalis, common.
394 Bomolocha Baltimoralis, one $
395 " Manalis, rare.
396 " Bijugalis, one ?
397 " Abalinealis, common.
398 " Achatinalis, not com-
mon.
399 " Prof ecta, common.
400 " Deceptalis, not com-
mon.
401 " ? rare.
402 " ? rare.
403 Hypena Humuli, common.
404 Platypena Scabra, common.
GEOMETRID.^.
405 Eupithecia Miserulata, common.
406 Epirrita Perlineata, common in
spring.
407 Cidaria Fluviata, common (Plem-
yra).
408 " Multiferata, one ^ (Plem-
yra).
409 " Diversilineata, (Petropho-
ra), common, f. p. five- leaved ivy.
410 " Intermedia, one ? (Rheum-
aptera).
411 " Latirupta, common, (Phi-
balapteryx).
412 Hydria Undulata, one ? .
413 Heterophelps Harveiata, rare, $
and ? .
71
414 Heterophelps Biguttata, common.
415 Zerene Catenaria, rare.
416 Haematopis Grataria, common.
417 Lythria Rileyaria, rare.
418 " Snoviaria, common, f. p.
Honey Locust.
419 Thamnonoma Wavaria, f. p. Wild
Gooseberry.
420 " Subcessaria, common, f. p.
Wild Gooseberry.
421 Phasiane Mellistrigata, one S •
422 Semiothisa Ocellinata, rare.
423 Cor^'-cia Vestaliata, common,
424 Delinia Variolaria, common, f. p.
Willow.
425 " Glomeraria, common in
early spring.
426 " Septemfluaria, common in
earlv spring.
427 Calothysanis Amatuaria, comipon,
f. p. Dock.
428 Acidalia Insularia, rare.
429 " Nivasata, rare.
430 " Inducta, one S •
431 " Enucleata, common.
432 Dyspteris Abortivaria, rare.
433 Synchlora Rubivoraria, not rare'.
434 Anisopteryx Vernata, common.
435 Phigalia Strigataria, one $ .
436 Hibernia Tiliaria, 2 $.
437 Amphidasys Cognataria, rare, f. d.
Honey Locust. 438*Biston Ursaria, one example.
439 Paraphia Unipunctaria, one $ .
440 " Deplanaria, rare, f. p.
Hickory.
441 Tephrosia Canadaria, common.
442 Boarmia Crepuscularia, common.
443 " Pampinaria, f. p. Honey Locust.
444 Bronchelia Hortaria, rare.
445 Hemerophila Unitaria, one S-
446 Nematocampa Filamentaria, com-
mon.
447 Hyperetis Nyssaria, common.
44S Plagodes Flo?cularia, rare, S and
?.
449 Angerona Crocataria, common.
450 Sicya Macularia, rare, one $ f. p.
Ash.
451 Metrocampa Perlaria, rare.
452 Therina Fervidaria, one S •
453 " Seminudaria, one S 1
454 Endropia Hypochraria, common.
455 " Pectinaria, rare.
456 " Obtusaria, rare.
457 Eugonia Subsignaria, common, f. p.
Elm.
458 Caberodes Confusaria, rare.
459 " Var. Metrocamparia, common.
460 Tetracis Lorata, rare.
461 " Crocallata, rare.
462 Eutrapela Transversata, common
463 " Clematata, rare. Geometridse, 2 species unnamed. Noctuidse, 5 species unnamed.
Making in all 475 species and varie- ties taken in this locality.
Catocala sappho was seen last season by my friend Dr. H. Jewett, but un- fortunately he was unable to take it.
Taking "at light "^ has never been tried here, and " sugaring " only part of one season ; so I have no doubt that many species marked rare on this list will in time prove common.
Most of the Catocalae have been taken on trunks of trees in the day time.
Many larvae have been taken by "bush-beating," but I have been unable to rear the greater part of them, especial- ly those that hibernate in the larva state and do not pupate till spring.
Dayton, Ohio, March 14, 1882.
^GERIAN PARASITES.
By Herbert Osborn, Ames, Iowa. In the July number of " Papilio " Mr. G. H. French men- tions the discovery of a parasite upon ^geria syringce, and it will be seen from the following notes that I have made observations that entirely agree with his in regard to the fact that Algerians are parasitized. My first observation was made in 1878, when two chrysalids of j^geria syringes^ found in branches of ash trees, pro- duced each a perfect Ichneumon. A note in regard to this I pub- lished in Trans. Iowa Hort. Soc. for the year 1878. In 1880 I collected quite a number of larvae and pupse of syring(2, from
72
young ash trees, to which they had done a great deal of injury. Of these nearly fifty per cent produced specimens of this same parasite, and an account of its work and appearance was published in a paper in the Trans. Iowa Hort. Soc. for 1880. The parasite appears somewhat later than the adult moth, and chrysalids containing parasites can readily be distinguished several days before their emergence. About the time when the adult moth might be expected an examination of the pupa case will show through its transparent walls another pupa, somewhat smaller, within it, the substance of the host being entirely devoured. The adult is black throughout, except joints, II-16 of the antennae, a frontal border, dot in front of tegulae and base of anterior tibiae, which are yellowish white ; wings fuligin- ous. Length 60-70 in. It seems to me to correspond most closely to Iclinewnon malacus, Say, and to the variety once de- scribed as afer by Cresson, but differs in having the front bor- dered with white and the anterior tibiae white at base.
This, with the PhcBogenes atcr mentioned by Mr. French, makes two species (one of which, at least, is rather common,) which are now known to be parasites upon this Algerian.
Mr. French is surely right in saying that the eggs are not laid after pupation of the host. Although I have not been able to ascertain positively, I incline to think the eggs are deposited in the larva in its early stages, otherwise the parasite must pass a large portion of its life, and hibernate, as adult, and then find its prey quite well protected.
In my notes upon this ALgerian I erroneously called it denu- datuni, being misled by Harris's account of that species.
I have also found a species of Crabronidce in the burrows made by the larvae, but suppose it simply occupies it after the A.g£rian has vacated it.
ON CERTAIN PYRALID^.
By a. R. Grote.
My kind friend, Mr. Goodell, has sent me a box of Massachu- setts moths, among which are a few PyralidcB of interest.*
ASOPIA COSTALIS. Fabr.
The specimen is the smallest I have seen, about half as large as is usual.
Arta Statalis. Gr.
This species seems to be common in Massachusetts. I have seen it in several collections.
BOTIS Plectilis. G. & R.
Common also in New York collections.
* A severe illness has prevented mv examining my correspondence since my return from Europe undl now.— A. R. G., May, 1882.
BoTis Adipaloides. G. & R.
The typical form with yellowish ground color. A variety has them white. I hardly think our own and Prof. Zeller's Texan specimens registered under this name really belong to this species.
BoTis Abdominalis. G. & R.
Belongs to the typical form, as illustrated by us. Hubner's Argyralis has the fore wings buff yellow and showing silvery marks. Here the exterior line is black and thread-like, enclosing here and there a minute white dot. Prof. Zeller's Fractiiralis varies in color also and in size and position of the silver spots. That these all belong to one species has been suggested. Mean- while the different forms are easily recognized and kept apart.
Metrea.* n. gen.
Front flat. Maxillary palpi small, scaled. Labial palpi rather short ; third article short, dependent. Tongue moderate. Vestiture mixed with flattened scales. Wings wide and ample. Fore wings rounded at apices with full external margin. Size above the average in the group. Veins three to five equidistant on both wings. Secondaries full. The species is thinly scaled, iridescent, white and pale yellow; the ample wings seem frail and tenderly colored. Ocelli present, small and well hidden.
Metrea Ostreonalis. n. s.
Fore wings very light yellow, almost white, with an oblique, nebulous, blackish mesial band, resolved into three large spots, the two lowest divided by vein i. An exterior, sub-marginal, bent, blackish band, not obtaining above vein 6. The external median line is indicated on costa, and is indistinctly continued till it touches the lower of the mesial blotches. Fringes white. Hind wings white, glistening, with a pretty purplish iridescence. Tegulae- white. Head, dorsum of thorax and also the abdomen above, blackish. Segments narrowly edged with white. Beneath white,, fore legs fuscous inwardly. Amherst, Mass.
In my collection is a New York specimen of this fine species, hitherto unlabeled by me. It departs from the Botyde genera by the blunt primaries, and should find its place near the close of the series of Pyralldidce. The small, conical, dependent, third palpal article is apparently naked.
Argyria Auratella. Clemens.
Professor P'ernald's table of the species of Argyria, " North American Entomologist, I., 102," is most useful to determine the different kinds. Auratella is apparently more common in collec- tions than its near ally Pitlchella.
CRAMBUS Dissectus. Grote.
The specimen has the outer white spot, beyond the mesial notched stripe, a little smaller than usual. From the white ver- tex and thoracic disc, this species is allied to InterriipUis.
'" Or : /J.£Tpelv.
74
Crambus Topiarius. Zeller.
This interesting species represents the European Hortiielhis^ in our fauna, according to Prof. Zeller. It is widely distributed.
ON THE AMERICAN FORM OF PAPILIO MACHAON,
Linn.
By W. H. Edwards.
Some years ago, by the kind aid of Mr. W. F. Kirby and Dr. Hagen, I was able to bring together a long series of Machaon and its varieties from many localities in Europe, also from India, Himalaya, Central Asia and Kamschatka. From America I have several examples from Hudson's Bay and Alaska, and have exam- ined a specimen taken at the Dalles, Columbia river, by Mr. Henry Edwards. On comparing the American examples with those first mentioned, I find that they, as a whole, differ consid- erably from most of the others, but come nearest, and indeed are very near to the variety from Himalaya, labeled in the collection of the Mus. Comp. Anat., Cambridge, '' Asiatiais, Menetries." This variety was characterized as having a very broad marginal border to the hind wings, the inner edge of which border was straight and reached nearly to the end of the cell. Emphasis is placed on the straightness of this edge, as if it was the principal character by which the variety was to be known. Menutries, Desc. des nouvelles Especes de Lep. Diurn., etc., St. Petersburg, 1855, p. 69, gives P. Machaon, van Califoniica, syn. of Zelicaon, Lucas, {Zolicaon Bd.); and next, var. Asiatica, describing this last as follows: " Cette variete differe du Machaon 6! Y.\xxo^^q en ce -sju'en dessus les secondes ailes ont la bande noire posterieure tres large et bien limitee ; celle-ci part du bord anterieur et se dirige €n Yx^Vi^droite (so in italics) alteignant presque la cellule discoidale, jusq' a la lunule anale. De I'Himalaya et du Kamtchatka. N. B. Les individus d I'Himalaya presentent de plus, la bande noire du bord posterieur des premieres ailes beaucoup plus large."
One of the two Himalayan examples examined by me an- •swered very nearly to this description, but the inner edge of the broad border of hind wing was not straight, but wavy, and was slightly concave. Also, it did not approach the cell very closely in consequence of its concave outline. The other exam- ple had that edge still more concave, and it was irregular, and was precisely like several of the examples from Europe in these re- spects. Two males (only examined) from Kamtchatka were small, and the borders of both wings were very narrow, while on the hind wing of each the inner edge of the border was unusually ■concave, so that the distance of same from the cell was greater than in any others examined.
75
Felder, Spec. Lepid., 1S64, p. 26, gives Asiaticus Menetr. as var. of MacJiaon, and in explanatory note. p. 75, says that the hind wings are shorter than in the typical Machaon and more pro- duced in the anal region. He gives the localities as India and Himalaya, and queries whether the Kamtchatkan form is the same thing.
It seems to me that the name Asiatica of Menetries does not apply to the prevailing type in Southern Asia, but only to a cer- tain variety of same, in which the edge of the border of hind wings is straight and placed very near the cell, and that the pre- vailing type is so far unnamed.
Mr. Scudder described P. Aliaska in Pr. Bost. Soc. N. H., 5, p. 45, 1869, as a distinct species, and compared it at length with P. Zolicaon, Bd., for its justification. Of course, as compared with Zolicaon, it is distinct, but the comparison should have been made with the Asiatic Macliaon.
So far as I am able to discover from the examples under view, the American form differs from the Himalayan and all the old world types, i. In having the hind margins of the fore wings decidedly convex, often largely so, and that in both sexes, which is owing to the shorter costal margin in the former. In other words, the fore wings of the typical MacJiaon are more produced. 2. The black parts are more intensely colored, and less dusted with yellow scales, and the nervures and branches, particularly on secondaries, and the median nervules of primaries, are very considerably edged with black. In most of the old world ex- amples the hind wings have no black except at end of cell, and on the median nervure against cell, so that the wing is divided into a yellow area, which includes the base and disk, and a black area, namely, the marginal border. The Himalayan examples resemble the American in this respect. The same difference holds on comparing the lower sides ; that is to say, the Amer- ican form is more melanic than the old world forms, excepting the Himalayan. If M. Menetries had not limited his Asiatica to the examples which have a straight edge to the inner side of the marginal border of hind wings, probably his name should cover the American form. But, as he saw fit to limit it, I think the usual Himalayan type is unnamed, and the American certainly may be designated as Aliaska, Scudder. There is a great uni- formity between all the American examples under view, viz., four from Hudson's Bay and eight from Alaska. Mr. Scudder says sixteen specimens were obtained by Lieut. Dall, and we may infer that he examined them and found them essentially of one type, as he says nothing of differences. Moreover, he had at same time one of my Hudson's Bay specimens, and alludes to it as being like the others.
Machaon seems to have been first noticed on this continent by Mr. C. Drcxler, who traveled in British America, under the
70
auspices of the Smithsonian, in i860, and from him I received the specimens which I now have. Mr, Drexler told me that they were taken at Rupert House, and were picked off the goose- berry bushes in early morning, while stiffened with the cold ; also, that the species was abundant there. Lieut. Dall took his ex- amples at Nulato,May 20th and 24th, and others June 5th and 14th, about the Ramparts. Mr. Turner and Mr. E. W. Nelson found the species common at St. Michael's, on the coast above the outlet of the Yukon River, and Mr. Henry Edwards has taken one example at the Dalles, Columbia River.
MacJiaon is found throughout Europe, from Lapland to the Mediterranean ; also in Northern Africa and Egypt, and through- out Asia to Pekin, and from India to Siberia ; also in Japan,, the examples found there not differing much from those found in the Netherlands, as De Haan states. Keferstein, Stett. Zeit.,. vol. 30, p. 211, 1869, says that Alachaon in the Alps flies at an altitude greater than 5000 feet, and in the Himalaya at 9000 feet. It seems adapted to every climate, and is the only Papilio known to fly over the subboreal regions of both continents. Nevertheless it has not been taken south of the northern boundary of the United States so far as recorded, except in the single in- stance above spoken of on Columbia River. Mr. Morrison, who collected in that district two years ago, did not see it, nor did the late Mr. Crotch, who collected at Vancouver's Island, and in British Columbia as far to the north as Bald Mountains, bring back any examples of Machaoti. This is in strong contrast to its wide distribution in Europe, Asia and Africa. Hoping to natur- alize the species here in West Virginia, I turned loose more than 100 butterflies last year, which came from a lot of chrysalids im- ported from Germany by Mr. T. L. Mead. But a day or two after they were freed they had disappeared. I hoped to see some of them again this spring, flying with Tiirnus and Trolius. These last species are flying abundantly as I write, but no Machaon has presented itself, and I have little hope of the success of the attempt to introduce them.
In the Entomologists' Monthly Magazine for April, 1882, vol. 18, is an admirable description of the preparatory stages of MacJiaon, by Mr. Wm. Buckler, and inasmuch as no adequate description, especially of the larval stages, was ever in print be- fore, I have asked the editor of " Papilio " to give this to his readers. It is not likely that the present generation of lepidop- terists will have the opportunity of breeding the American form of the species — not till the steam whistle is heard at Hud- son's Bay, or Alaska and Behring's Straits become summer water- ing places. And it is highly probable that all the preparatory stages of the American form will, when hereafter observed, be found identical in color and markings with the Asiatic or the Eu- ropean. I do not mean to say that the larva oi MacJiaon has not
n
been described, for, indeed, it has often, but not with regard to its several moults. Until recent years it was thought sufficient to describe, and usually in general terms, the adult caterpillar, or at the most, to describe without regard to moults, as young, half- grown, three-quarters grown, etc., and until Mr. Buckler bred Machaon, as he relates, in 1880, with the express desire of ascer- taining the number of moults the species was subject to, I, for one, could get no definite information on the matter. Several old authors had stated that there were four, as Chr. Schwarz, 1791, C. Valoren, 1859, ^-s Dr. Hagen informed me ; but later ones, to whom I had access, gave no definite information about it, and two well-known entomologists to whom I applied thought the number was but three. Mr. Buckler's paper has the credit of clearly establishing the number of moults in Machaon and for the first time carefully describing them.
" TINEID^E " OR " TINEINA."
By Thomas, Lord Walsingham, F. Z. S., Etc.
In a paper published in the Journal of the Cincinnati Society of Natural History for April, 1882, vol. v. p. 5, Mr. V. T. Chambers discusses the antennae and trophi of Lepidopterous larvae, oftering the results of his observations" as suggestions to systematists of the Lepidoptera " which " may aid somewhat in their classification, especially in that of the Tineina." He then writes, " these do not constitute a family in the sense that the Noctuidae, Geome- tridae, etc., are families. The Tineina is {sic) a large group of many families, some of which seem to me to be as far removed from each other in a natural system as they are from any of the Macro-Heterocera."
In a foot-note at the bottom of page 5 we read : " I have sometimes been asked why I used the name Tineina instead of Tineidae. I trust the above remarks afford a sufficient answer. Besides, ' Tineina ' is the term adopted by the editors of the ' Nat- ural History of the Tineina,' the standard work upon the group.''
Although the precedent quoted by Mr. Chambers is rightly entitled to respect, there are certain rules generally recognized among naturalists of all countries by which, for the sake of uni- formity, it is most desirable to be* guided. Probably the best modern authority that can be quoted upon this subject is to be found in the " Rules of Zoological Nomenclature by Hugh E. Strickland," originally drawn up by a committee of the British Association in 1842; revised, corrected, and reprinted, by their authority, in 1863 and 1878.
These " Rules " consist of a " Series of propositions for ren- dering the nomenclature of Zoology uniform and permanent." Turning to p. 23 and p. 17 respectively of this pamphlet we find :
78
"[Families to end in ides and subfamilies in zW.] The practice suggested in the following proposition has been adopted by many recent authors, and its simplicity and convenience is so great that we strongly recommend its universal use : — B. It is recom- mended that the assemblages of genera termed families should be uniformly named by adding the termination I'dce to the name of the earliest known, or most typically characterized genus in them ; and that their subdivisions, termed subfamilies, should be similarly constructed, with the termination zV/fe." Thus, if this rule be accepted,'it follows that the appellation " Tineina " should be applied to a j'?^Z'family, and should indicate a division inferior rather than superior to the family Tineidse. Mr. Chambers, how- ever, rests his claim to the use of the term "Tineina," in the sense adopted by him from the authors of the ' Natural History of the Tineina,' upon the ground that the various genera or groups of genera which it has been made to include do not constitute in themselves a natural family.
Alluding to the old subdivision of the group into two fami- lies, Tineidae and Hyponomeutidae, by Stephens, he writes, " It would be, perhaps, even more unnatural to put them all in a single group of Tineids. Mr. Stainton's system, in which the name Tineidae is retained for the restricted family containing Tinea and its allies, is the best classification of the group with which I am acquainted."
The only objection now raised against Mr, Stainton's use of the name " Tineidae," as strictly indicating a family, is that it should not be made subordinate to the name " Tineina," the ter- mination of which, by the British Association rules, is such as to indicate an inferior subdivision.
There are in this case two alternatives open to those who de- sire to conform to the generally accepted rules of nomenclature quoted above. The first is to adopt the names of the various families in the sense in which they are used by Mr. Stainton and others, and to change the name of the group from Tineina to Tineimorpha, Tineoidea, or such like. The second is to adopt the name Tineidae, in lieu of Tineina, for what is now usually re- garded as a group of families, thus treating them as constituting one family, and to designate the existing families as subfamilies with the termination ina, now used with doubtful propriety for the whole group to which they belong.
If we would inquire into the merits of these two alternatives, the first point to be considered is, what is a family ?
Regarding it in the accepted sense as an " assembly of genera," each of which possesses, in greater or less degree, the character- istic feature or features of one and all of them, we must ask our- selves whether any one or more than one characteristic generic feature pervades the whole group of genera which have of late been massed together under the name " Tineina,"
79
It is undoubtedly true that great diversity is to be found in the characters which they present ; for instance, in the presence or absence of tongue, ocelli, and maxillary palpi, in the form of the wings, and in the structure of the labial palpi and antennae. Nevertheless it is surely far easier at first sight to separate any of these genera from those of other families than it is to determine, with readiness and certainty, the true position of a Bombycid (which approaches the Noctuidse), a Noctuid (which approaches the Pyralidae), or a Pyralid (which approaches the Phycidse).
Whether by their small size, their long cilia, or their slender and upturned palpi, by the leaf-mining habits of their larvae or the neuration or ornamentation of their wings, there is in each genus associated with the Linnaean name " Tinea " some peculi- arity by which its members can without difificulty be recognized as possessing what may, I think, be properly called a family re- semblance.
Without at present entering into an elaborate analysis of these resemblances to test the question of how far they may or may not be regarded as of "family" value, it will not be denied that they are far more easily grasped than are those more uni- form generic characters upon the strength of which the various existing families have been founded.
There is considerable divergence of opinion between different authors as to the family position of several well-known genera ; and, on the whole, it would be perhaps the safest course to adopt the name " Tineidae " as a family definition coextensive with the " Tineina " of Stainton and other authors, thereby securing a ter- mination uniform with that of the Sphingidae, Bombycidae, Geo- metridae, Noctuidae, etc., and to regard the present families as subfamilies, adopting for them the proper termination of such di- visions, as Tineina, Hyponomeutina, Adelina, Gelechina, and so forth.
It will scarcely be objected that any necessity for further subdivision except into genera and species has yet arisen or is ever likely to arise.
FOOD PLANTS OF SAMIA COLUMBIA.
From a paper read before the Natural History Society of Toronto, by W. BrodiE.
This species is common in the Muskoka, Nipissing and Lake Superior districts, and extends beyond the height of land towards James's Bay. It no doubt feeds indiscriminately on our conifer- ous trees as well as many deciduous trees having a northern range. It is very rare in Southern Ontario : those found are probably the
8o
product of fertilized females straying from their habitat in the north.
Spiraea tormentosa, L.
Ulmus Americana, L.
Abies nigra, Poir,
Abies alba, Michx.
Abies canadensis, Michx.
Abies balsamea, Marshall.
Larix Americana, Michx.
TWO NEW GEOMETRIDS FROM MR. NEUMOEGEN'S
COLLECTION.
By a. R. Grote.
Chloraspilates Arizonaria. n. S.
S ? . Fore wings dull green, with the costa ochrey, and two ante-apical costal brown dots in the places of the mesial shade and external line, A minute ringed discal dot. At the place of the sub-terminal line two or three superposed brown dots at costa before apices. Hind wings ochre powdered with red, and with a red mesial line and discal dot. Beneath ochre, irrorate with red. Head ochrey. Thorax greenish. Abdomen ochrey. This seems to be larger than the Texan Bicoloraria, and to differ by the discal marks and absence of external or other lines on pri- maries. The pectinate antennae of the male have also the stem distinctly whitish, as it is in the simple ones of the female. Tuc- son; several examples. Notwithstanding the differences, we may only have to do with a variety.
EUCATERVA. n. gen.
Allied to my genus Caterva.
Male. — Labial palpi of unusual length, extended forwards and upwards, curving slightly. The relatively short third article is of the same thickness with the long, closely scaled linear sec- ond joint. No ocelli. Eyes naked. Front flat. Labial palpi projecting forwards about as far again as the head is long. Male antennje bipectinate, with thick, ciliated branches.
Female. — Labial palpi shorter ; about half shorter and slen- derer than male. Antennae simple. Body soft and somewhat heavy.
The vestiture is close and evenly laid on, consisting of flat- ish scales. Wings entire ; both sexes winged.
EUCATERVA VaRIARIA. n. S.
$ ? . White. Size of Clcoria PiilcJiraria. The males are white, thickly sprinkled with blackish, with straight outer and curved inner thick mesial lines and discal dot, much the orna- mentation of Glomeraria. Hind wings paler, unlined with dot.
8i
The females have the lines wanting and vary by being all white, with black dots sprinkled over external margin and on costa at base of primaries, as well as on the collar and vertex. Palpi black and white. Some females have the primaries widely black, leav- ing costal edge and inner margin white. The white fringes of primaries are dotted with black. Several specimens from Tucson^
CHARLES ROBERT DARWIN, F. R. S. On the 20th day of April last a shadow fell upon the earth, and a wail of sorrow went up from the homes of science, for the news flashed around the world that the great naturalist was dead. In this place we desire to do no more than record our loss and to fulfil a duty we have laid down for ourselves of briefly noticing the departure of all who have in any way belonged to the ranks of our association. Mr. Darwin was early nominated an honorary? member of the New York Entomological Club, and expressed a warm interest in its purposes. In a letter received from him dur- ing the past year, he says : " I like * Papilio ' very much, and, though I am not specially an entomologist, it seems to me to be established on a wise principle of investigation, and you will prob- ably do better work by concentrating your inquiries. I wish for it and your society every success." To say one word in praise of a man so worthily honored would be, on our part,
" To gild refined gold."
We would only add our mite of sorrow to the universal grief which the world has laid at the shrine of departed genius and worth, and twine our humble leaf among the laurels placed upon his tomb. — H. E.
NOTES ON LEPIDOPTERA.
Notes from Monroe Co., N. Y. — Scepsis Fulvicollis. This species appears to be more nocturnal than most of its family. I captured several in fine condition at sugared trees from the mid- dle of September to the middle of October, last season.
Selenia Kentaria. Several males of this species flew into my room (close to a large wood) the end of April and the beginning of May. The date apparently indicates that, like its European re- latives S. Illimaria and Illustraria, it is double brooded.
Marmopteryx